Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,879 results found
Article
Basal cell adenoma
Basal cell adenomas are uncommon salivary gland tumors, representing ~4% (range 1-7.5%) of benign parotid tumors. They can also occur in the other major salivary glands as well as the minor salivary glands.
Clinical presentation
Most commonly, a painless growing mass 1.
Pathology
Typically,...
Article
Congenital syndromes associated with enlarged ventricles
Congenital ventriculomegaly can have a large number of syndromic associations.
Common
acrocephalosyndactylies
Apert syndrome
Pfeiffer syndrome
acrocephalopolysyndactylies
Crouzon syndrome
achondroplasia
fetal alcohol syndrome
lissencephaly
osteopetrosis
Sotos syndrome
X-linked hyd...
Article
Air-bronchogram (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Air-bronchograms are gas-filled bronchi surrounded by alveoli filled with fluid, pus or other material 1. It is a very useful sign because it is highly sensitive and specific for the presence of lung consolidation rather th...
Article
Geographic appearance
Geographic appearance is a term used in imaging, and other clinical fields (e.g. histopathology) to describe lesions with a well-circumscribed margins with adjacent tissues. The term derives from the somewhat similar appearance of the outline of countries on a map or the clear demarcation forme...
Article
Galassi classification of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts
The Galassi classification of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts is used to classify arachnoid cysts in the middle cranial fossa, which account for 50-60% of all arachnoid cysts 1. Galassi et al. published this classification in 1982, and at the time of writing (June 2016), it remains the most...
Article
Nasopharyngeal airway tube
Nasopharyngeal airway tubes are commonly used adjunctory airway devices, primarily utilized as a temporary measure until more stable method of securing the airways (e.g. endotracheal intubation) can be performed.
Nasopharyngeal airway tubes are made of soft plastic, and are introduced via the ...
Article
Plagiarism
Plagiarism, the passing of someone else's work as one's own, is unacceptable on Radiopaedia and will result in content not being able to be published. Existing plagiarised content that is discovered will be deleted.
We know you all want to help, and you may be tempted to "cut and paste" secti...
Article
Blunt traumatic neck injury
Blunt traumatic neck injury is uncommon because it is usually protected by the head, shoulders, and chest. This term is generally used to refer to injuries of the neck besides to cervical spine injuries, which are common.
Pathology
Blunt injury to the neck is most commonly from motor vehicle ...
Article
Ophelia syndrome
Ophelia syndrome is the association of Hodgkin lymphoma with an autoimmune limbic encephalitis, as a result of anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antibodies (mGluR5) 1. In addition to anti-mGluR5, many other antibodies are associated with or implicated in autoimmune encephalitis in the setti...
Article
Tracheal bifurcation angle
The tracheal bifurcation angle can have a wide range of normal values in patients and can vary significantly in serial radiographs. It is of poor diagnostic value due to the lack of sensitivity and specificity in identifying the underlying pathology.
Terminology
The interbronchial angle is th...
Article
Paradoxical embolism
Paradoxical embolism is a clinical scenario in which an embolism arising in the venous system crosses into the arterial circulation where it causes tissue infarction. The most common clinically important site of embolization is the cerebral circulation.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of paradoxic...
Article
Facet joint capsule
Facet joint capsules are the fibrous capsule that surround the vertebral facet or zygapophyseal joints. They are particularly thin and loose, attached to the margins of articular facets on adjoining articular processes. The capsules merge medially with the ligamentum flavum.
In the cervical re...
Article
Early structural scan
An early structural scan is a first trimester obstetric ultrasound performed around 12-16 weeks gestation. It can have some similarity to the 11-13 week antenatal ultrasound and assess limited fetal anatomy. However, a formal evaluation of nuchal translucency is not part of this ultrasound asses...
Article
Atypical small acinar proliferation
Atypical small acinar proliferations (ASAP) are premalignant lesions of the prostate, which can be found in as many as 5% of prostate biopsies. They are suspicious glands without adequate histologic atypia to establish a definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer. Some studies showed that there is ...
Article
Transient global amnesia
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome with no clear etiology identified. The syndrome is transient and typically resolves within a few hours.
Epidemiology
Transient global amnesia is most common in the 60-70 year age range 8.
Associations
migraine, approximately 2.5-fold inc...
Article
Posterior dynamic lumbar stabilization
Posterior dynamic lumbar stabilization is an alternative instrumented method to rigid spinal fusion aiming to improve segmental stability. Purported advantages of this technique include reduced posterior element and intervertebral disc loading reducing symptoms and potentially allowing for disc ...
Article
Scaphoid series
The scaphoid series is comprised of posteroanterior, oblique, lateral and angled posteroanterior projections. The series examines the carpal bones focussed mainly on the scaphoid. It also examines the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints along with the distal radius and ulna. Scaphoid fractu...
Article
Pulmonary edema grading
One pulmonary edema grading based on chest radiograph appearances and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is as follows:
grade 0: normal chest radiograph, PCWP 8-12 mmHg
grade 1: shows evidence of upper lobe diversion on a chest radiograph, PCWP 13-18 mmHg
grade 2: shows interstitial ed...
Article
Fetal intra-abdominal cysts (differential)
Fetal intra-abdominal cystic lesions can arise from a number of physiological and pathological causes.
Physiological
fetal gastric dilatation / fetal gastric bubble (can be pathological if there is a gastric outlet obstruction
normal fetal gallbladder
Pathological
No color flow
fetal chole...
Article
Collateral ligaments of the foot
The collateral ligaments of the foot are attached to the dorsal tubercles on the metatarsal heads and the corresponding side of the phalangeal bases.
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