Articles
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719 results found
Article
Normal hepatobiliary imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the liver and biliary tree and surrounding structures, divided by region and modality.
Liver
Plain radiographs
liver silhouette: example
Ultrasound
liver ultrasound
example 1 with shear wave elastography
liver Doppler ultrasound: example ne...
Article
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is a distinct histological variant of hepatocellular carcinoma characterized on microscopy by laminated fibrous layers between the tumor cells. It is important as it has different demographics and risk factors compared to "standard" hepatocellular carcinoma...
Article
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Pancreatic pseudocysts are common sequelae of acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis, and the most common cystic lesion of the pancreas. They are important both in terms of management and differentiation from other cystic processes or masses in this region.
Terminology
The following are th...
Article
Accessory hepatic sulci
Accessory hepatic grooves (also known as accessory hepatic fissures or accessory hepatic sulci) are a common anatomic variant, with majority of accessory grooves occurring over the diaphragmatic surface of the liver 1,2.
Several hypotheses have been made regarding the process by which an access...
Article
Pancreas
The pancreas (plural: pancreata) is an unpaired, mostly retroperitoneal organ that has endocrine and exocrine functions, with a role in glucose metabolism and digestion.
Gross anatomy
Location
The pancreas is located at approximately the L1-L2 vertebral level in the anterior pararenal space o...
Article
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication that usually occurs in new-onset and established type 1 diabetic patients due to a state of severe insulin deficiency. This condition is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria.
Epidemiology
Diabetic ket...
Article
Liver tumors
Liver tumors, like tumors of any organ, can be classified as primary or secondary.
Metastases
Liver metastases are by far the most common hepatic malignancy, with many of the most common primaries readily seeding to the liver. This is especially the case with gastrointestinal tract tumors, due...
Article
Hepatic solitary fibrous tumor
Hepatic solitary fibrous tumors are rare mesenchymal tumors.
Terminology
Historically, hepatic solitary fibrous tumors were known as hepatic hemangiopericytomas, however this term has now been abandoned.
Epidemiology
Fewer than 60 cases of hepatic solitary fibrous tumor have been reported i...
Article
Gastric varix
Gastric varices are an important portosystemic collateral pathway, occurring in ~20% of patients with portal hypertension. They are considered distinct from esophageal varices in that they have a propensity to hemorrhage at comparatively lower portal pressures 1, and are also associated with hig...
Article
Hutson loop
A Hutson loop, also known as an access loop, is variation of the Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy whereby a longer segment of jejunum is used to construct the hepatobiliary limb, and the upstream end is tacked to the anterior abdominal wall ("stomatization") 4.
The goal is to simplify future end...
Article
COACH syndrome
The acronym COACH describes a syndrome associated with:
C: cerebellar vermis defect (Joubert syndrome)
O: oligophrenia
A: ataxia
C: coloboma
H: hepatic fibrosis
Epidemiology
COACH syndrome is considered extremely rare.
Associations
The association with infantile polycystic kidney diseas...
Article
Riedel lobe
Riedel lobe is a common anatomical variant of the liver to be aware of because it can simulate a mass. Its misidentification as a pathologic abdominal mass has led to surgery. Pathology can also occur within it (e.g. malignancy or even torsion) and cause atypical hepatic symptoms low in the pelv...
Article
Wilson disease
Wilson disease, also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism affecting multiple systems.
Epidemiology
It affects 1 in 30,000-40,000 individuals 12. 1 in 90 individuals would be a heterozygous carrier 18.
Clinical presentation
The c...
Article
Zebra sign (disambiguation)
The evocative appearance of the coat of a zebra has been used for several distinctive signs in radiology:
zebra sign: cerebellar hemorrhage 1
zebra sign: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2
zebra spleen: arterial phase appearance of normal spleen 4,5
zebra stripe sign: treated osteogenesis imper...
Article
Hepatic lipoma
Hepatic lipomas are uncommon benign lesions of the liver.
Epidemiology
Associations
tuberous sclerosis
renal angiomyolipoma
Pathology
As with lipomas elsewhere in the body, hepatic lipomas are marginated masses that are composed of mature adipocytes without evidence of cellular atypia.
Hi...
Article
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis results from infection by the zoonotic Leptospira spp. The condition can have multiorgan manifestations. Commonly affected organs include:
lung: pulmonary leptospirosis
liver: hepatic leptospirosis
central nervous system: CNS leptospirosis
skeletal muscle: muscular leptospirosi...
Article
Actinomycosis of the gallbladder
Actinomycosis of the gallbladder is rare and caused by Actinomyces spp. bacteria. It may present as biliary colic, cholecystitis or pancreatitis. It is a mimic of gallbladder carcinoma.
Epidemiology
Actinomycosis is endemic worldwide. It has no predilection for age, gender, ethnicity or climat...
Article
Portal vein embolization
Portal vein embolization (PVE) is a technique used to selectively occlude the blood supply to one of the liver lobes, diverting portal blood flow to the other lobe, the future liver remnant (FLR).
This diversion will increase the size of the post-hepatectomy future liver remnant, which improves...
Article
Hepatocellular carcinoma (surveillance)
Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance programs have been adopted by some health systems in attempts to effect an early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk populations.
Rationale
The idea behind hepatocellular carcinoma screening, as with any screening program, is to detect clin...
Article
Amoebic hepatic abscess
Amoebic hepatic abscesses are a form of hepatic abscess resulting from Entamoeba histolytica infection.
Epidemiology
The parasite causes up to 40 million infections annually, up to 100,000 deaths per annum 7,8. However, clinical disease only presents in a minority of patients 8.
Although the...
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