Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
Premature rupture of membranes
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to a rupture of the amniotic sac and chorion (membranes) occurring prior to the onset of uterine contractions. When this occurs prior to 37 weeks it is then termed a pre term premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). By this definition, PROM is classifi...
Article
Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma
Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary is at the benign end of the spectrum of mucin-containing epithelial ovarian tumors.
Epidemiology
The estimated peak incidence is at around 30-50 years of age.
They comprise approximately 80% of mucinous ovarian tumors and 20-25% of all benign ovarian tumors....
Article
Enhanced myometrial vascularity
Enhanced myometrial vascularity (EMV), often misdiagnosed as an acquired uterine arteriovenous malformation, is the presence of transiently increased blood flow within the uterine myometrium, typically associated with complications of pregnancy.
Terminology
Somewhat confusingly, the term “enh...
Article
Cervix
The cervix or uterine cervix is the lower constricted segment of the uterus providing the passage between the uterus proper and the vagina.
Gross anatomy
The cervix is somewhat conical in shape, with its truncated apex directed posteriorly and inferiorly. The inferior aspect of the cervix pro...
Article
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy encompasses the anatomy of all structures of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
This anatomy section promotes the use of the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard of anatomical nomenclature.
Article
Primary ovarian lymphoma
Primary ovarian lymphoma (POL) refers to the involvement of the ovary with lymphoma but without the involvement of any other site. It is an extremely rare yet well-recognized condition.
Epidemiology
Primary ovarian lymphoma accounts for ~1.5% of ovarian tumors 5.
Pathology
The rarity of this...
Article
Acute abdominal pain
Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management.
Terminology
A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...
Article
Ovarian vein thrombosis
Ovarian vein thrombosis (actually most often thrombophlebitis) occurs most commonly in postpartum patients and can result in pulmonary emboli. A presentation is usually with acute pelvic pain in the postpartum period, then termed puerperal ovarian vein thrombosis or postpartum ovarian vein throm...
Article
Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (ovary)
Juvenile granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (JGCT) are a less common subtype of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary (~5% of cases). They are classified as ovarian sex cord / stromal tumors.
Epidemiology
It typically occurs in premenarchal girls and young women. The mean age of presentation is 13...
Article
Diffuse uterine adenomyosis
Diffuse uterine adenomyosis is the most common of uterine adenomyosis. For the discussion of adenomyosis, please refer to the parent article - adenomyosis of the uterus.
Epidemiology
Diffuse adenomyosis may account for ~2/3rd of uterine adenomyosis.
Pathology
Diffuse adenomyosis can be even ...
Article
Cogwheel sign
The cogwheel sign refers to the pelvic imaging appearance of dilated loops of fallopian tube seen in cross-section. It represents infolding projections (sometimes looking like nodules) into the fallopian tube lumen which are likened to that of a cogwheel. The sign is typically described on ultra...
Article
Cervical cancer (staging)
Staging of cervical cancer can either be based on the TNM or FIGO system.
Classification
Revised FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma (2018)
FIGO no longer includes stage 0 (Tis)
I: confined to cervix uteri (extension to the corpus should be disregarded)
IA: invasive carcinoma only diagnosed ...
Article
Primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum
A primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum (PSPCP) is an extremely rare primary peritoneal tumor.
Epidemiology
They usually present in postmenopausal women.
Clinical presentation
Patients tend to present with non-specific complaints such as abdominal pain, anorexia, and abdominal...
Article
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (staging)
The staging used for primary fallopian tubal carcinoma is the FIGO system and is as follows:
stage I: limited to fallopian tubes
stage Ia: limited to lining of one fallopian tube (intraluminal)
stage Ib: limited to inner linings of both tubes (intraluminal)
stage Ic: invasion beyond the inne...
Article
Prolonged rupture of membranes
Prolonged rupture of membranes refers to a rupture of membranes lasting longer than 18-24 hours (i.e. between time of rupture and time of delivery) 1-2. This situation can occur in either the term or pre-term newborns where in the latter case it is also termed prolonged preterm rupture of membra...
Article
Antral follicle count
Antral follicle count (AFC) or basal antral follicle count is a test performed to check a female individual's ovarian reserve.
Principle
A female is born with a lifetime supply of eggs and as she enters puberty these eggs develop. During and after puberty these follicles develop and are relea...
Article
Hysterosalpingogram
A hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a fluoroscopic examination of the uterus and the fallopian tubes, most commonly used in the investigation of infertility or recurrent spontaneous abortions.
Indications
infertility: to assess uterine morphology and tubal patency
Contraindications
pregnancy
act...
Article
Short maxillary length
A short maxillary length can result from many congenital and acquired causes. If seen in an antenatal ultrasound scan, it is often considered to have a high association with trisomy 21 1.
Congenital conditions
Many conditions that can cause midfacial hypoplasia will result in a short maxillar...
Article
Labia majora
The labia majora (singular: labium majus) form the anteroinferior most part of the vulva, they are continuous with the mons pubis anteriorly and the perineum posteriorly. The labia are apposed in the midline forming the, externally-visible, pudendal cleft.
Gross anatomy
The labia majora have ...
Article
Cesarean section
Cesarean section (also known as C-section, CS and C/S) is the most frequently done major abdominal surgery in females, performed to deliver a baby as an alternative to normal vaginal delivery 1.
Surgical technique
Many forms of cesarean section have been described, but the most popular variat...
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