Articles
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746 results found
Article
Very bizarre generalized lesions of bone (differential)
Very bizarre generalized lesions of bone tend to make you exclaim "Oh my! What is going here?" Although there are numerous potential causes, in this situation it is worth thinking of a number of entities:
skeletal dysplasias and metabolic diseases
Paget disease
fibrous dysplasia
phakomatose...
Article
Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy (differential)
Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy can result from a number of causes and generally implies a systemic process. They include:
autoimmune diseases, e.g.:
rheumatoid arthritis
scleroderma
dermatomyositis 5
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
psoriasis
Sjögren syndrome
lymphoma
leukemia
di...
Article
Multicentric breast cancer
A multicentric breast cancer is a term given to a breast cancer where there are two or more breast cancers separated by normal breast tissue (often taken as 5 cm of separation 4). It is related to but distinct from the term multifocal breast cancer.
At a pathological level It can also mean 2
t...
Article
Long bone metaphyseal cupping (differential)
Long bone metaphyseal cupping is most likely due to the local oligemia from thrombosis in the terminal epiphyseal arteries to the epiphyseal plate, induced by prolonged regional immobilization 7.
The differential diagnosis of long bone metaphyseal cupping includes:
Common
normal variant
re...
Article
Diffuse pulmonary nodules
Diffuse pulmonary nodules are usually seen as multiple pulmonary nodular opacifications on a HRCT chest scan. They can signify disease processes affecting either the interstitium or the airspace. They can range from a few millimeters to up to 1 cm and when very small and numerous there can be so...
Article
Patellar tumors
Patellar tumors are extremely rare. They can be either benign or malignant primary bone tumors, or metastases.
Epidemiology
Patellar tumors represent just 0.1% of all primary bone tumors 1.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with anterior knee pain and/or a palpable mass 1,3.
Path...
Article
Basal ganglia T2 hypointensity
Basal ganglia T2 hypointensities can be caused by any of the following and is commonly remembered using the mnemonic ChOMP.
childhood hypoxia
old age
multiple sclerosis
Parkinson disease: more in globus pallidus
Parkinson-plus syndrome: more in putamen
deoxyhemoglobin of hemorrhage
hemosi...
Article
Focal calvarial thinning
Focal calvarial thinning can result from a number of causes. They include:
bilateral thinning of the parietal bones (normal variant) most common
arachnoid cyst
mega cisterna magna
peripherally located tumors (e.g. oligodendroglioma)
See also
calvarial thinning
calvarial thickening
Article
Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric outlet obstruction, also known as pyloric obstruction, occurs when a disease or condition blocks the normal emptying of the stomach.
Pathology
Etiology
Gastric outlet obstruction can be due to malignant or benign causes.
Malignant
adenocarcinoma (second most common 4)
GIST
lymphom...
Article
Enteritis
Enteritis (plural: enteritides) refers to inflammation of the small bowel. When associated with inflammation of the stomach, the term gastroenteritis is used which is usually caused by infection.
Pathology
Etiology
infection
infective enteritis
eosinophilic enteritis
ischemia
inflammatory...
Article
Generalized increased bone density in children
The causes of generalized increased bone density in pediatric patients can be divided according to a broad category of causes:
skeletal dysplasias
osteopetrosis
pyknodysostosis
metabolic
renal osteodystrophy
poisoning
lead
dense metaphyseal bands
cortex and flat bones may also be slight...
Article
Ascending aorta dilatation
Dilatation of the ascending aorta is a common finding in the elderly but unusual in younger patients.
Pathology
In adults, an ascending aortic diameter greater than 4 cm is considered to indicate dilatation 4. Aneurysmal dilatation is considered when the ascending aortic diameter reaches or ex...
Article
Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces
Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces is the presence of decreased density of the hemithoraces bilaterally on a plain chest radiograph. This hypertranslucency, a.k.a. hyperlucency, may be focal or diffuse 1.
Also see unilateral hypertranslucent hemithorax.
Focal
pulmonary bullae
localize...
Article
Bone surface lesions
Bone surface lesions refer to all neoplastic or neoplastic-like lesions arising from the bone surface (cortex, periosteum, and parosteal fibrous tissues) and developing outside of the bone medullary canal.
Neoplastic
fat-containing matrix
parosteal lipoma
parosteal osteoliposarcoma 2
bone m...
Article
Apical chest mass
Apical chest masses are often important and may be missed, especially when examined with a plain chest radiograph. It is always recommended to perform a targeted assessment of the apices of the lungs during a chest x-ray; they are one of the classic review areas.
Pathology
Etiology
Commonly a...
Article
Echogenic fetal lung lesions
Echogenic fetal lung lesions on antenatal ultrasound can be detected in a number of situations. They include:
Airway obstructions: lung are often enlarged and echogenic bilaterally
congenital high airways obstruction syndrome (CHAOS)
tracheal atresia
congenital tracheal stenosis
laryngeal a...
Article
Flowing ossifications
Flowing ossifications are seen in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
They are defined as heterotopic ossifications involving the anterior longitudinal ligament, paraspinal connective tissues and annulus fibrosus of at least four contiguous vertebral bodies and are originally descri...
Article
Fluid-fluid level containing bone lesions
Fluid-fluid level containing bone lesions are best seen on MRI, although with narrow window width they can also be appreciated on CT.
Epidemiology
Their prevalence is estimated at ~3% of bone and soft tissue tumors 1.
Differential diagnosis
Their presence is non-specific, as they are seen in...
Article
Fetal ventriculomegaly (differential)
Fetal ventriculomegaly (ventricle width >10 mm) is an important finding in itself and it is also associated with other central nervous system abnormalities. For more information, see the main article fetal ventriculomegaly.
Differential diagnosis
Fetal ventriculomegaly can be thought of in ter...
Article
Cerebral cortical restricted diffusion
Cerebral cortical restricted diffusion, also known as gyriform restricted diffusion, cortical ribboning or cortical ribbon sign, refers to curvilinear hyperintense signal involving the cerebral cortex on DWI images with a corresponding low signal on ADC images.
Causes include the following diso...
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