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Anal cancer staging

Dr Yuranga Weerakkody et al.

The accepted TNM staging of anal cancer is as follows ¹

Primary tumour (T)

TX : primary tumour cannot be assessed
T0 : no evidence of primary tumour
Tis : carcinoma in situ
T1 : tumour 2 cm or less in greatest dimension
T2 : tumour > 2 cm but < 5 cm in greatest dimension
T3 : tumour > 5 cm in greatest dimension
T4 : tumour of any size invades adjacent organ(s), e.g., vagina urethra, bladder

Regional lymph nodes (N)

Nx : regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 : no regional lymph node metastasis
N1 : metastasis in perirectal lymph nodes(s)
N2 : metastasis in unilateral internal iliac and/or inguinal lymph node(s)
N3 : metastasis in perirectal and inguinal lymph nodes and / or bilateral internal iliac lymph nodes

Distant metastasis (M)

Mx : distant metastasis cannot be assessed
M0 : no distant metastasis
M1 : distant metastasis

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References

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1. Roach SC, Hulse PA, Moulding FJ et-al. Magnetic resonance imaging of anal cancer. Clin Radiol. 2005;60 (10): 1111-9. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2005.05.008 - Pubmed citation
2. Wan M, Meacock L, Summers J et-al. 11. MR imaging of anal cancer: a pictorial review. Cancer Imaging. 2011;11 Spec No A : S181. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2011.9074 - Pubmed citation