Metastases to testis
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was changed:
Metastases to testis are a very rare cause of a testicular mass and may be bilateral in up to 15% of patients.
Epidemiology
Metastases to the testes are apparent in ~0.04% of autopsy studies in patients with known malignancy. The average age is 57 years, much older than the primary age for primary testicular cancer 2.
Pathology
The literature suggests that the rarity of metastases to the testes may be due to:
- lower temperature of the scrotum, so the malignant cells find it more difficult to proliferate 9
- testes are a 'sanctuary' site - due to the blood-testicular barrier 10
Aetiology
In adults a malignant testicular lesion is much more likely to be a primary. Even so-called common sources are: rare. The largest series of 20 cases of metastases to the testes, over a ten-year period, found the majority to be from leukaemia 10.
Common 9
- leukaemia (most common) 8
- lymphoma
- prostate (most common solid tumour origin)
- lung
malignant melanoma- colorectal cancer
- renal cell carcinoma
- malignant melanoma
Very rare
- thyroid cancer
- oesophageal adenocarcinoma 4
- pancreatic adenocarcinoma 5
- gastric carcinoma 6
-
upper tract urothelial carcinoma
(rare)7 -
hepatocellular carcinoma
/leukaemia89 -
bladder cancer
98
In children, sources include:
See also
-<p><strong>Metastases to testis</strong> are a rare cause of a <a href="/articles/testicular-mass">testicular mass</a> and may be bilateral in up to 15% of patients. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Metastases to the <a href="/articles/testis-1">testes</a> are apparent in ~0.04% of autopsy studies in patients with known malignancy. The average age is 57 years, much older than the primary age for primary <a href="/articles/testicular-cancer">testicular cancer</a> <sup>2</sup>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><h5>Aetiology</h5><p>In adults sources are:</p><ul>- +<p><strong>Metastases to testis</strong> are a very rare cause of a <a href="/articles/testicular-mass">testicular mass</a> and may be bilateral in up to 15% of patients. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Metastases to the <a href="/articles/testis-1">testes</a> are apparent in ~0.04% of autopsy studies in patients with known malignancy. The average age is 57 years, much older than the primary age for primary <a href="/articles/testicular-cancer">testicular cancer</a> <sup>2</sup>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>The literature suggests that the rarity of metastases to the testes may be due to:</p><ul>
- +<li>lower temperature of the scrotum, so the malignant cells find it more difficult to proliferate <sup>9</sup>
- +</li>
- +<li>testes are a 'sanctuary' site - due to the blood-testicular barrier <sup>10</sup>
- +</li>
- +</ul><h5>Aetiology</h5><p>In adults a malignant testicular lesion is much more likely to be a primary. Even so-called common sources are rare. The largest series of 20 cases of metastases to the testes, over a ten-year period, found the majority to be from leukaemia <sup>10</sup>.</p><h6>Common <sup>9</sup>
- +</h6><ul>
- +<li>l<a href="/articles/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia">eukaemia</a> (most common) <sup>8</sup>
- +</li>
- +<li><a href="/articles/lymphoma">lymphoma</a></li>
-<a href="/articles/prostatic-carcinoma-1">prostate</a> (most common)</li>- +<a href="/articles/prostatic-carcinoma-1">prostate</a> (most common solid tumour origin)</li>
-<li><a href="/articles/malignant-melanoma">malignant melanoma</a></li>-<li>-<a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-bladder">bladder cancer</a> </li>- +<li><a href="/articles/malignant-melanoma">malignant melanoma</a></li>
- +</ul><h6>Very rare</h6><ul>
-<a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-ureter">upper tract urothelial carcinoma</a> (rare) <sup>7</sup>- +<a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-ureter">upper tract urothelial carcinoma</a> <sup>7</sup>
-<a href="/articles/lymphoma">lymphoma</a>/l<a href="/articles/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia">eukaemia</a> <sup>8</sup>- +<a href="/articles/hepatocellular-carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a><sup> 9</sup>
-<a title="Hepatocellular carcinoma" href="/articles/hepatocellular-carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a><sup> 9</sup>- +<a href="/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-bladder">bladder cancer</a> <sup>8</sup>
References changed:
- 10. Kiely G, Kavanagh L, Bolton D, Lawrentschuk N. Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with asynchronous metastases to both testes. (2013) Urology annals. 5 (3): 218-9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7796.115743">doi:10.4103/0974-7796.115743</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24049392">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
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