Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,876 results found
Article
Olfactory nerve
The olfactory nerve is the first (CN I) cranial nerve (TA: nervus olfactorius or nervus cranialis I) and is responsible for conveying the sense of smell from the nasal cavity to the brain. Strictly speaking, the term olfactory 'nerve' refers only to the short first order neurons (olfactory filam...
Article
Pancreatic trauma
The pancreas is uncommonly injured in blunt trauma. However, pancreatic trauma has a high morbidity and mortality rate.
Epidemiology
The pancreas is injured in ~7.5% (range 2-13%) of blunt trauma cases 1,3,7. Motor vehicle accidents account for the vast majority of cases. Penetrating trauma co...
Article
Holt-Oram syndrome
Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS), also known as heart-hand syndrome, is an autosomal dominant syndrome that results in congenital heart defects and upper limb anomalies:
congenital heart defects
atrial septal defect (ASD) (commonest cardiac defect 4)
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
aortic coarctat...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (U)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter U and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...
Article
Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (diagnostic radiology)
Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (FCPS) is a specialty fellowship diploma awarded by the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP) in 73 disciplines including diagnostic radiology after successful completion of 4-5 years of training and intervening three-phase exami...
Article
Thyroid-associated orbitopathy
Thyroid-associated orbitopathy, also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease, is the most common cause of proptosis in adults and is most frequently associated with Graves disease. On imaging, it is characterized by bilateral and symmetrical enlargement of the extraocul...
Article
Wright and Cofield classification of postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures
The Wright and Cofield classification system can be used for postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures. Humeral periprosthetic fractures may be intraoperative (~60%) or postoperative (~40%) shoulder arthroplasty complications, which can lead to loosening and migration of the prosthesis 1,3....
Article
Posterior parahepatic cyst
Posterior parahepatic cysts are an incidental finding of a small, isolated, nodular structure adjacent to the posterior segment of the right hepatic lobe.
Pathology
Due to the benign imaging characteristics and stability on long-term imaging, no pathologic diagnosis of these lesions has been ...
Article
Stupp protocol
The Stupp protocol has become the standard of care for the treatment of high-grade astrocytoma and glioblastoma since its publication in 2005 and has led to significant survival improvements 1. It consists of radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy with temozolomide, an alkylating agent.
Prot...
Article
Three attenuation pattern
The three attenuation pattern or three density pattern was formerly known as the head cheese sign and refers to the presence of well-defined areas of decreased, normal, and increased attenuation on inspiratory CT 6.
Pathology
The resultant mosaic is due to lobular air-trapping with reflex hypo...
Article
Cortical laminar necrosis
Cortical laminar necrosis, also known as pseudolaminar necrosis, is necrosis of cortical neurons in situations when the supply of oxygen and glucose is inadequate to meet regional demands. This is often encountered in cardiac arrest, global hypoxia and hypoglycemia.
It should not be confused wi...
Article
Tibial plateau
The tibial plateau (plural: plateaus or plateaux are equally acceptable 4) is the proximal articular surface of the tibia.
Terminology
Strictly the plateau refers to the whole articular surface of the proximal tibia. Therefore, saying "medial tibial plateau" or "lateral tibial plateau", or, ev...
Article
Dark-field computed tomography
Dark-field computed tomography is an emerging medical imaging technology. While conventional CT measures differential attenuation properties of the various tissues, dark-field CT utilizes its small-angle scattering (dark field) characteristics.
Clinical applications
To date, dark-field radiogr...
Article
Ultrasound (introduction)
Ultrasound (US) is an imaging technology that uses high-frequency sound waves to characterize tissue. It is a useful and flexible modality in medical imaging and often provides an additional or unique characterization of tissues when compared to other modalities such as conventional radiography ...
Article
Echo planar imaging
Echo planar imaging (EPI) is an MRI acquisition methodology with an excellent temporal resolution that is required in specific clinical settings e.g. cardiac imaging.
There are single-shot and multi-shot echo-planar sequences.
Clinical applications
Echo planar imaging is used under the follo...
Article
Doppler angle correction
Doppler angle correction refers to an imaging post-processing method used to adjust for the effects of insonation angle on the Doppler shift.
Technique
Measurement of flow velocity with Doppler imaging is dependent on the angle between the ultrasound beam and the target (insonation angle), wit...
Article
Extended reality
Extended reality, sometimes referred to as XR, is a term for technologies, such as those that include augmented reality, virtual reality and mixed reality, that allow visualization of three-dimensional virtual imaging.
Terminology
Virtual reality refers to technologies which allow complete imm...
Article
Amide proton transfer imaging
Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging is the most common type of chemical exchange saturation transfer technique that generates image contrast due to proton exchange between labeled protons in solute and free water protons1. APT imaging does not require exogenous gadolinium-based contrast and thus...
Article
Right hemicolectomy
A right hemicolectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the cecum and ascending colon.
Indications
cancer of the appendix, cecum or ascending colon (most common) 1
inflammatory bowel disease, particularly Crohn's disease
complicated appendicitis
cecal volvulus
perforation of the right colo...
Article
Left hemicolectomy
Left hemicolectomy is a surgical procedure in which splenic flexure, descending colon, and a portion of the sigmoid colon are removed for radical treatment of various pathologies affecting the descending colon.
Indications
colon cancer
inflammatory bowel disease
isolated left diverticular di...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.