Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,903 results found
Article
Contrast-enhanced CT during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Contrast-enhanced CT of patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) presents unique technical and diagnostic challenges. Modifications made will depend on whether the ECMO is venovenous or venoarterial.
Technical considerations
Several factors need to be considered to ensur...
Article
Shoulder arthroplasty (overview)
Shoulder arthroplasties are a common procedure, being third in joint replacements after knees and hips, and are used to treat a number of conditions, although the most common indication is osteoarthritis 1. There are a number of types of shoulder arthroplasties:
anatomic total shoulder arthropl...
Article
Total shoulder arthroplasty
A standard total shoulder arthroplasty, also known as anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty or total shoulder replacement, aims to replace both the glenoid and humeral head to replicate the normal anatomic alignment of the glenohumeral joint and is the commonest form of shoulder replacement surge...
Article
Asbestosis
Asbestosis is an occupational fibrotic lung disease associated with high levels of asbestos fiber inhalation. Fibrosis is lower lobe predominant and can progress. Even without progression the risk of lung cancer is increased. The presence of pleural plaques is variable 10.
Epidemiology
Asbest...
Article
Torus fracture
Torus fractures, also known as buckle fractures, are incomplete fractures of the shaft of a long bone that is characterized by bulging of the cortex. They result from trabecular compression due to an axial loading force along the long axis of the bone. They are usually seen in children, frequent...
Article
Asbestos-related diseases
Asbestos-related disease, in particular affecting the lung, comprise of a broad spectrum of entities related to the inhalational exposure to asbestos fibers. They can be divided into benign and malignant processes 1-3.
Benign pleural and parenchymal lung disease
asbestos-related benign pleural...
Article
Pleural plaque
Pleural plaques are the most common manifestation of asbestos-related disease and can be identified with a very high degree of specificity with CT.
Epidemiology
Pleural plaques are strongly associated with inhalational exposure to asbestos. There is an extremely long latency (typically 20 to 3...
Article
Asbestos-related benign pleural disease
Asbestos-related benign pleural disease forms a large part of asbestos-related lung changes.
The spectrum comprises of:
pleural effusions: benign asbestos-induced pleural effusions
can be associated with functional impairment
usually occur within 10 years of exposure but can also develop muc...
Article
Compton effect
Compton effect or Compton scatter is one of principle forms of photon interaction. It is the main cause of scattered radiation in a material. It occurs due to the interaction of the photon (x-ray or gamma) with free electrons (unattached to atoms) or loosely bound valence shell (outer shell) ele...
Article
Circumcaval ureter
Circumcaval ureter, also known as retrocaval ureter, is a term used to describe an abnormal course of a ureter that encircles the inferior vena cava. Both of these terms are somewhat misleading, as this configuration is considered a developmental anomaly of the inferior vena cava (IVC).
Clinic...
Article
Urethral stricture
Urethral strictures are relatively common and typically occur either in the setting of trauma or infection.
Epidemiology
The demographics of the affected population is dictated by the etiology, but in general, it is safe to say that adult males make up the vast majority of cases.
Clinical pre...
Article
Agatston score
Agatston score is a semi-automated tool to calculate a score based on the extent of coronary artery calcification detected by an unenhanced low-dose CT scan, which is routinely performed in patients undergoing cardiac CT. Due to an extensive body of research, the score allows for early risk stra...
Article
Hinchey classification of acute diverticulitis
The Hinchey classification of acute diverticulitis can be applied to diverticulitis occurring anywhere in the bowel, not just in the colon ref.
Usage
The Hinchey classification is the most commonly used system (c.2020) 8 and has been variously modified since its original description 3,5,6; no...
Article
Morel-Lavallée lesion
Morel-Lavallée lesions are closed degloving injuries associated with severe trauma which then present as hemolymphatic collections or masses occurring deep to subcutaneous plane due to disruption of capillaries. MRI and ultrasound are useful modalities for evaluation.
Terminology
The lesions c...
Article
Anterior resection of the rectum
Anterior resection is a surgical procedure to resect the rectum and sigmoid colon while preserving the anal sphincter complex.
Indications
cancer of the rectum (most common)
severe diverticular disease
Procedure
After obtaining written informed consent although historically an open procedur...
Article
SFU grading system of hydronephrosis
The grading system of hydronephrosis developed by the Society of Fetal Urology (SFU) was devised to assess the degree of hydronephrosis.
Usage
This system is considered the most commonly used and was originally designed to grade neonatal and infant pelvicalyectasis ref.
Classification
grad...
Article
Hydrometra
Hydrometra is a descriptive term that refers to a distended uterus filled with clear, non-infected fluid.
See also
hematometra
pyometra
hydrometrocolpos
hydrocolpos
endometrial fluid
Article
Hunt and Hess grading system (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
The Hunt and Hess scale describes the clinical severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from the rupture of an intracerebral aneurysm and is used as a predictor of survival.
grade 1
asymptomatic or minimal headache and slight neck stiffness
70% survival
grade 2
moderate to severe heada...
Article
Hunka classification of pediatric septic arthritis of the hip
The Hunka classification of pediatric septic arthritis of the hip grades the residual anatomical deformity of the proximal femur following a septic hip in the pediatric population based on changes to the femoral head and stability of the hip.
Classification
type I: absent or minimal femoral he...
Article
Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is one of the four lobes of the brain (along with the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe), and largely occupies the middle cranial fossa.
Gross anatomy
The temporal lobe is the second largest lobe, after the larger frontal lobe, accounting 22% of the total neocor...
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