Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

16,834 results found
Article

Describing recency

Describing when medical information was generated (e.g. new evidence, discoveries, etc.) is commonplace, and often essential, within articles. When providing these descriptions, the preference is to avoid use of 'recent', variations thereof (e.g. 'recently'), and synonyms thereof (e.g. 'new', '...
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Lumbar plexus (mnemonic)

Handy mnemonics to recall the branches of the lumbar plexus are:​ Indecent Ian Gets Laid On Fridays Luckily Itchy Igor Gets Laid On Fridays Luckily (ItcHy - iliohypogastric, IGor - ilioinguinal) I (twice) Get Laid On Fridays I (twice) Get Leftovers On Fridays IIGLO For aLl IIGLO is used i...
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Lateral pontine syndrome

Lateral pontine syndrome, also known as Marie-Foix syndrome or Marie-Foix-Alajouanine syndrome, refers to one of the brainstem stroke syndromes of the lateral aspect of the pons. Clinical presentation There is a characteristic clinical presentation 1,2,4: ipsilateral limb ataxia: cerebellar ...
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Glenoid bare spot

The glenoid bare spot, or glenoid bare area, is a small central or slightly eccentric area of the inferior glenoid fossa, where the articular cartilage is markedly thinner or completely absent 2. It is considered to be a normal aging-related phenomenon 1. Epidemiology The glenoid bare spot can...
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X-ray artifacts

X-ray artifacts can present in a variety of ways including abnormal shadows noted on a radiograph or degraded image quality, and have been produced by artificial means from hardware failure, operator error and software (post-processing) artifacts.  There are common and distinct artifacts for fi...
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Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered

Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered is a specific entity that represents the majority of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas, although identical tumors are also found elsewhere in the midline (e.g. brainstem, spinal cord and thalamus) 1. They are aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis and are ...
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Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonosis caused by Bacillus anthracis. There are four types of anthrax: inhalational anthrax (also known as woolsorter's disease and ragsorter's disease), cutaneous anthrax, injection anthrax and intestinal anthrax. Epidemiology The disease burden of anthrax decreased so dramatica...
Article

Intracranial mycotic aneurysm

Intracranial mycotic aneurysms, or intracranial infectious aneurysms, describe aneurysms arising from infection of the arterial wall of intracranial vessels. See mycotic aneurysm for a general discussion on infectious aneurysms. Epidemiology The epidemiology of intracerebral mycotic aneurysms...
Article

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), also known as nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, occurs almost exclusively in patients with renal impairment and is associated with the administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in MRI.  The American College of Radiology (ACR) has divide...
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Superior rectal artery embolization

Superior rectal artery embolization is a minimally invasive endovascular technique that has a role in the management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and as a potential option for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease, this article will focus on the latter. Procedure Perfor...
Article

Confluent centrilobular emphysema

Confluent centrilobular emphysema is one of the proposed subtypes of classifying emphysema (primarily centrilobular emphysema). It is considered the second most severe from (although not as severe as advanced destructive emphysema) and characterized by coalescent centrilobular or lobular lucenci...
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Peritoneal metastases

Peritoneal metastases are a relatively common location for metastases, particularly from tumors of the abdomen and pelvis, that generally imply a poor prognosis, often with a significant impact on palliation 1. Terminology If peritoneal metastases are of an epithelial origin (as most are) and ...
Article

Hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly refers to an increase in size or enlargement of the liver.  Pathology Etiology Hepatomegaly can result from a vast range of pathology including, but not limited to, the following: malignancy/cellular infiltrate multiple metastases lymphoma(s) leukemia(s) hepatocellular carci...
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Mean glandular dose

The mean glandular dose (MGD) is an estimate of the average absorbed dose to the glandular tissues of a breast during mammography. It is measured in Gray (Gy). The most commonly accepted method of calculating the mean glandular dose is described by Dance et al (2000):                          ...
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West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament

The West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) was created to describe avulsion injuries of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL). Classification This classification has six types of lesions divided into two categories based on anterior or posterior i...
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Anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies

The anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies is used to classify limb deficiencies. The anatomic classification is proposed to systematically classify all congenital limb reduction defects and avoid terminology that can be considered imprecise or derogatory 1. This system is cur...
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Limb deficiency

Limb deficiencies or limb reduction defects are a spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by the absence or severe hypoplasia of a limb or part of a limb 1,2. Terminology Currently (c. 2024) the preferred terminology for limb deficiencies is based on the anatomic classification. Te...
Article

Aluminum

Aluminum (chemical symbol Al) is a trace metal and a nonessential element which is widely distributed throughout the Earth’s crust. Chemistry Physical chemistry Aluminum is an element with the atomic number 13, one of the post-transition metals in the boron group (Group 13, IIIA) of the perio...
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Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and skeletal fragility. The World Health Organization (WHO) operationally defines osteoporosis as a bone mineral density T-score less than -2.5 SD (more than 2.5 standard deviations under the young-adult mean), which ...
Article

Sonic hedgehog-activated hepatocellular adenoma

Sonic hedgehog-activated hepatocellular adenomas (sh-HCA) are a subtype of hepatocellular adenomas. On imaging, it is still mostly diagnosed by exclusion of the other adenomas subtypes and other liver tumors. Epidemiology Most of sh-HCA were previously grouped under the unclassified adenomas,...

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