Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,901 results found
Article
Skeletal muscle edema on MRI (differential)
The presence of skeletal muscle edema (increased high T2/STIR signal) on MRI carries an extremely broad differential.
Potential diagnoses include:
trauma
effects of direct injury or tear
denervation injury: denervation changes in muscles
early myositis ossificans
inflammatory myopathies
i...
Article
Myositis
Myositis (plural: myositides) is the subset of myopathy characterized by inflammation of skeletal muscle.
Pathology
Etiology
Myositides can be generally categorized by etiology as follows 1:
inflammatory myositis
idiopathic inflammatory myopathy 5
dermatomyositis
amyopathic dermatomyositi...
Article
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is a term applied to a group of autoimmune inflammatory muscle disorders (myositis). Which specific disorders are included in this group has evolved over time, in particular with advances in discovery of myositis-specific antibodies 1,2.
Classification
Th...
Article
Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy
Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), also known as necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM), is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.
Epidemiology
Associations
interstitial lung disease - anti-SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease 3
cardiomyopathy 7
Clinical presentation...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (I)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter I and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...
Article
Polymyositis
Polymyositis is a rare autoimmune, at times considered paraneoplastic, inflammatory condition characterized by proximal muscle weakness (myositis). It has historically been considered a form of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. The condition is closely related to dermatomyositis, and the term “p...
Article
Inclusion body myositis
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. It is often considered the most common acquired myopathy in patients older than 50 years.
Epidemiology
Inclusion body myositis tends to present in older individuals 4, often after the age of 50 years, although the disease ma...
Article
Anti-synthetase syndrome
Anti-synthetase syndrome is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy that is characterized by inflammatory myositis, polyarthritis, interstitial lung disease, and anti-synthetase autoantibodies. It is considered a distinct entity to dermatomyositis.
Pathology
Anti-synthetase syndrome can result fro...
Article
Amyopathic dermatomyositis
Amyopathic dermatomyositis (ADM) is recognized as a distinct subtype of dermatomyositis, an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, whereby there is a typical skin rash of classic dermatomyositis but without clinical muscle involvement.
Pathology
Amyopathic dermatomyositis may be further divided int...
Article
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, presumably autoimmune in etiology, which carries an increased risk of malignancy. It is considered a distinct condition to anti-synthetase syndrome.
Epidemiology
There is a recognized female predilection. It has a bimodal age of presentat...
Article
Myopathy
Myopathy refers to a broad range of diseases of skeletal muscle that lead to dysfunction of skeletal muscle. It includes but is not limited to myositis 1.
Pathology
Etiology
Inflammatory myopathies include infectious myositis as well as idiopathic inflammatory, drug-related, or post-traumatic...
Article
Migraine
Migraines are a common primary headache disorder and can present variably. Typically they consist of debilitating headaches, accompanied by an aura in one-third of patients.
Epidemiology
Migraine is a very common condition, with a 1-year prevalence of 12% 8. It is most prevalent in early-middl...
Article
Brown tumor
A brown tumor, also known as osteitis fibrosa cystica and rarely as osteoclastoma, is one of the manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. It represents a reparative cellular process, rather than a neoplastic process. Histologically brown tumors are identical to giant cell tumors (both are osteocla...
Article
Anterior angulation of the coccyx
Anterior angulation of the coccyx may be a normal variant but poses a diagnostic challenge for those considering coccygeal trauma 1.
Classification
Six types of coccyx have been described initially by Postacchini and Massobrio and later modified by Nathan et al. 2,3:
type I: the coccyx is cur...
Article
Images
Images, be they part of cases, illustrations, photographs, tables, flow-charts, etc, should all be uploaded via the "Add case" page.
Outsourced images
Copyright issues are as always extremely important and under no circumstances should images or text which are copyrighted be included in any p...
Article
Salter-Harris classification
The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and, at the time of writing (January 2023) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.
Classification
Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.
type I
s...
Article
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) of the prostate or prostatic large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are very aggressive and rare high-grade neuroendocrine tumors that are usually observed in the presence of an already existing adenocarcinoma and very rarely found alone.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a type of paranasal sinus surgery performed intranasally using a rigid endoscope. Its primary objective is to restore physiological ventilation and mucociliary transport 1.
Paranasal sinus imaging is crucial in preoperative planning and is also incr...
Article
Vertebral artery thrombosis
Vertebral artery thrombosis results in complete or partial occlusion of the vertebral artery and alteration of blood flow to the posterior cerebral circulation.
Clinical presentation
Ischemia or infarction to structures supplied by these arteries (e.g. brainstem, cerebellum, occipital lobes) m...
Article
Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an umbrella term that encompasses a large number of disorders that are characterized by diffuse cellular infiltrates in a periacinar location. The spectrum of conditions included is broad, ranging from occasional self-limited inflammatory processes to severe de...
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