Articles
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16,886 results found
Article
Amyloid arthropathy
Amyloid arthropathy results from the extracellular deposition of the fibrous protein amyloid within the skeletal system and is a skeletal manifestation of amyloidosis particularly in patients on long term haemodialysis. It may involve either the axial skeleton (especially the cervical spine) or ...
Article
Lipomyelomeningocele
Lipomyelomeningoceles are one of the forms of closed spinal dysraphism. They usually present as a subcutaneous fatty mass just above the intergluteal cleft. However, some lipomyelomeningoceles may occur at other locations along the spinal canal.
Clinical presentation
Lipomyelomeningoceles may ...
Article
Galassi classification of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts
The Galassi classification of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts is used to classify arachnoid cysts in the middle cranial fossa, which account for 50-60% of all arachnoid cysts 1.
Usage
Galassi et al. published this classification in 1982, and at the time of writing (June 2016), it remains...
Article
Delayed intraparenchymal hemorrhage
Delayed intraparenchymal hemorrhage (DIPH), or delayed ipsilateral parenchymal hemorrhage, is a rare and serious complication following successful and otherwise uncomplicated endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms, usually with flow-diverter stents.
Terminology
Although delayed ipsil...
Article
Bottom of sulcus focal cortical dysplasia
Bottom of sulcus focal cortical dysplasia, or simply bottom of sulcus dysplasia, refers to a highly epileptogenic and localized focal cortical dysplasia that is anatomically restricted to, and maximal at, the bottom of a cortical sulcus.
Epidemiology
The true incidence is not known given botto...
Article
Morning glory sign (midbrain)
Morning glory sign of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multisystem atrophy, not to be confused with morning glory syndrome, refers to the appearance of the midbrain on axial imaging 1.
Graphically this is identified on an axial image at the level of the midbrain by drawing 1:
a horiz...
Article
Hepatolithiasis
Hepatolithiasis is the presence of bile duct stones within the intrahepatic bile ducts, specifically proximal to the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts.
Epidemiology
Hepatolithiasis is common in Asia and the Pacific, with a prevalence of ~40%. It is rare in the West with a prevale...
Article
Hydrops fetalis
Hydrops fetalis is excessive fluid into the third space in a fetus, which could be due to heart failure, volume overload, decreased oncotic pressure, or increased vascular permeability.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is ~1 in 2000 pregnancies 16 and ~1 in 1000 live births 17, although th...
Article
Speckle artifact
Speckle artifact may be encountered in ultrasound. It is caused by the scattering of waves from the surface of small structures within a certain tissue. The artifact produces a textured appearance.
Because speckle can make it harder to distinguish soft tissue differences, modern ultrasound mac...
Article
Beam width artifact
Ultrasound beam width artifact occurs when a reflective object located beyond the widened ultrasound beam, after the focal zone, creates false detectable echoes that are displayed as overlapping the structure of interest.
Features
To understand this artifact, it is important to remember that t...
Article
Modified PIOPED II criteria for diagnosis of pulmonary embolus
The modified PIOPED II criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolus indicate the presence or absence of pulmonary emboli based on findings on V/Q scan (ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy). The following article reflects the modified interpretation criteria promulgated in 2008 1 based on recat...
Article
Superior vena cava obstruction
Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) can occur from extrinsic compression, intrinsic stenosis, or thrombosis of the superior vena cava. Malignancies are the main cause and are considered an oncologic emergency. Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) refers to the clinical syndrome with symptoms tha...
Article
Little league shoulder
Little league shoulder is thought to occur due to overuse damage of the proximal humeral epiphysis/metaphysis, seen typically in young baseball players, especially pitchers.
Epidemiology
Although it is most commonly seen in baseball players particularly in pitchers, it also presents in adolesc...
Article
Garden classification of subcapital femoral neck fractures
The Garden classification of subcapital femoral neck fractures describes femoral neck fracture displacement and aims to assist in clinical decision-making to reduce the rates of non-union and osteonecrosis 1,2,4.
Usage
The Garden classification is the most commonly used system (c.2018) despit...
Article
Full-thickness rotator cuff tear
Full-thickness rotator cuff tears extend from the bursal surface to the articular surface. They are less common than partial-thickness tears 5.
Epidemiology
Full-thickness tears are common. Their reported prevalence increases with age and ranges from 5% to 17% 5.
Clinical presentation
Clini...
Article
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), also sometimes referred to as "adult polycystic kidney disease", is an inherited form of adult cystic renal disease.
Epidemiology
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is one of the most common serious hereditary diseases, found in ...
Article
Localized cystic renal disease
Localized cystic renal disease (LCRD), also known as localized cystic kidney disease, is an uncommon, non-familial, non-progressive disease characterized by clusters of cysts seperated by otherwise normal renal parenchyma. It can be confused with unilateral autosomal dominant polycystic kidney d...
Article
Frykman classification of distal radial fractures
The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal u...
Article
Focal hepatic hot spot sign
The focal hepatic hot spot sign, also known as the hot quadrate sign can be seen on technetium 99m sulfur colloid scans of the liver and spleen, as well as CT studies.
Radiographic features
It occurs as a focal area of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake, or iodinated contrast accumulation, i...
Article
Renal papillary necrosis (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for the causes of renal papillary necrosis are plentiful and include:
NSAID
POSTCARDS
AD SPORT C: a list of causes in decreasing order of incidence
DINASOR
Mnemonics
NSAID
Most common causes:
N: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
S: sickle cell disease
A: acetamin...
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