Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Choledocholithiasis
Choledocholithiasis denotes the presence of gallstones within the bile ducts (including the common hepatic duct/common bile duct).
Epidemiology
Choledocholithiasis is relatively common, seen in up to 20% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstone-related complaints 2.
Clinical prese...
Article
Pineoblastoma
Pineoblastomas are tumors that are best thought of as small round blue cell tumors located in the pineal region and thus, they closely resemble (both on imaging and on histology) medulloblastomas and retinoblastomas. They are the most aggressive and highest grade tumor among pineal parenchymal t...
Article
Septic arthritis
Septic arthritis is a destructive arthropathy caused by an intra-articular infection which usually manifests as severe symptoms such as pain and decreased range of motion. This condition requires prompt treatment aiming to avoid permanent damage to the joint, which may result in chronic deformit...
Article
Brown tumor
A brown tumor, also known as osteitis fibrosa cystica and rarely as osteoclastoma, is one of the manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. It represents a reparative cellular process, rather than a neoplastic process. Histologically brown tumors are identical to giant cell tumors (both are osteocla...
Article
Hand (bilateral PA view)
The bilateral PA view is merely a single film that includes both hands, side by side. Although convenient, research in 2023 showed that the distortion due to divergent rays when imaging bilaterally can impact diagnosis and x-raying the hands individually is preferred at a minimal dose increase 1...
Article
Dysmyelinating disorders
Dysmyelinating disorders are a subset of white matter disorders characterized by abnormal myelination 1. They include numerous inherited conditions that are characterized by a defective structure and function of the myelin sheath 2.
Terminology
Dysmyelinating disorders are often thought of be...
Article
Papez circuit
The Papez circuit is a fundamental component of the limbic system. It is closed neural circuitry that starts and ends in the hippocampus. It is also known as the medial limbic circuit.
Gross anatomy
The Papez circuit involves different structures of the brain including 2:
hippocampus and adja...
Article
Rib fractures
Rib fractures are a common consequence of trauma and can cause life-threatening complications.
Epidemiology
Associations
Rib fractures are often associated with other injuries and the greater the number of rib fractures the more likely are associated injuries 1,3:
brachial plexus or subclavi...
Article
Strain elastography
Strain elastography (also known as tissue strain elastography/static elastography/compression elastography) is a developing form of ultrasound that assesses tissues' macroscopic structure through the strain modulus. This is different from normal B-mode grayscale ultrasound which characterizes a ...
Article
Air gap technique (general radiography)
The utilization of the air gap technique in general radiography is limited due to the need for equipment facilitation to create the air gap when it is not inherent in the standard technique.
Horizontal-beam lateral hip
There are many different methods of performing the horizontal beam lateral ...
Article
AAST spleen injury scale
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) splenic injury scale, revised in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for splenic trauma.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury 4...
Article
Tesla (SI unit)
The tesla (symbol T) is the derived SI unit of magnetic flux density, which represents the strength of a magnetic field. One tesla represents one weber per square meter. The equivalent, and superseded, cgs unit is the gauss (G); one tesla equals exactly 10,000 gauss.
Medical magnetic resonance ...
Article
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face is a very rare congenital, non-hereditary disease manifesting with prominent unilateral facial overgrowth and deformity.
Clinical presentation
Facial asymmetry is always noted at birth. Other findings on the affected side include:
unilateral ske...
Article
Hysterosalpingogram
A hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a fluoroscopic examination of the uterus and the fallopian tubes, most commonly used in the investigation of infertility or recurrent spontaneous abortions.
Indications
infertility: to assess uterine morphology and tubal patency
Contraindications
pregnancy
act...
Article
Adult fibrosarcoma
Adult fibrosarcomas are rare, malignant and highly aggressive fibroblastic soft tissue tumors. They constitute a diagnosis of exclusion.
Epidemiology
Adult fibrosarcomas by definition are rare and make up around 1% of soft tissue sarcomas. They are mostly seen in middle-aged people within the ...
Article
Rectal cancer response assessment
Assessment of rectal cancer response to therapy, which may be chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination, relies on the synthesis of clinical, endoscopic and radiologic evaluation.
The purpose of neoadjuvant therapy is to downstage the tumor, to facilitate surgical resection, and reduce loca...
Article
Osseointegrated implant
Osseointegrated implants (OI) are endosteal implants characterized by porous surfaces that allow a direct structural connection between bone and implant without interposed soft tissue and ingrowth and interdigitation of the newly formed lamellar bone.
Osseointegration has been defined as direct...
Article
Hypertrophied column of Bertin
Columns of Bertin represent the extension of renal cortical tissue which separates the pyramids, and as such are normal structures. They become of radiographic importance when they are unusually enlarged and may be mistaken for a renal mass (renal pseudotumor).
Nomenclature of such enlarged col...
Article
Thyroseq
Thyroseq® is an expanded gene classifier test designed for further evaluation of indeterminate thyroid nodules on fine needle aspiration (FNA). In particular, it is designed to further evaluate nodules that show atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (...
Article
Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography
Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (occasionally abbreviated as ce-VUS) is a relatively novel contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic technique utilizing microbubbles to detect vesicoureteral reflux.
Indications
Suspected or confirmed vesicoureteral reflux is the primary indication for contra...
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