Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,900 results found
Article
Hiatus hernia
Hiatus hernias (alternative plural: herniae) occur when there is herniation of abdominal contents through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of hiatus hernia increases with age, with a slight female predilection.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Glenoid hypoplasia
Glenoid hypoplasia, also known as glenoid dysplasia, is an uncommon congenital condition resulting from underdevelopment of inferior glenoid ossification center.
Epidemiology
Although previously considered rare, there is increasing recognition of a spectrum of glenoid hypoplasia with the incre...
Article
Cardiac calcification
Cardiac calcification is a broad term for any calcification affecting the cardiac valves, coronary arteries, aortic root, endocardium, myocardium, and/or pericardium.
Pathology
Causes of cardiac calcification are:
coronary artery disease (most common)
coronary artery aneurysms, e.g. in Kawas...
Article
Optic disc drusen
Optic disc drusen (ODD), or optic nerve head drusen or hyaline bodies, are a relatively common entity usually found incidentally on CT or on follow-up of abnormal fundoscopy.
Epidemiology
Optic disc drusen are identified radiographically in up to 0.3-3.7% of the population and are frequently b...
Article
Uterus didelphys
Uterus didelphys is a type of Müllerian duct anomaly (class III) where there is a complete duplication of uterine horns as well as duplication of the cervix, with no communication between them.
Epidemiology
Didelphic uteri account for approximately ~8% (range 5-11%) of Müllerian duct anomali...
Article
Dorsal pancreatic agenesis
Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is an extremely rare congenital pancreatic anomaly.
While complete agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is extremely rare, partial agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is thought to be more common than ventral pancreatic agenesis 4.
Clinical presentation
While many pati...
Article
Hydrosalpinx
Hydrosalpinx is a descriptive term and refers to a fluid-filled dilatation of the fallopian tube. If the fluid is infected, i.e. pus, then it is a pyosalpinx; if bloody, then hematosalpinx.
Clinical presentation
Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with pelvic pain or infertility.
Path...
Article
Sphincter of Oddi
The sphincter of Oddi (also known as the sphincter of ampulla or choledochal sphincter) is a complex of four smooth muscle sphincters (superior and inferior sphincter choledochus [also known as Sphincter of Boyden], sphincter pancreaticus, and sphincter ampullae) within the duodenal wall. It sur...
Article
Ludwig angina
Ludwig angina, also known as Ludwig cellulitis, refers to rapidly progressive cellulitis of the floor of mouth, which is potentially life-threatening due to the risk of rapid airway compromise.
Epidemiology
Largely due to the advent of antibiotics, the condition is uncommon in present day mod...
Article
Spatial pulse length (ultrasound)
Spatial pulse length (SPL) in ultrasound imaging describes the length of time that an ultrasound pulse occupies in space. Mathematically, it is the product of the number of cycles in a pulse and the wavelength.
A shorter SPL results in higher axial resolution. The minimum distance between two ...
Article
PET-CT indications
PET-CT is a combination of cross-sectional anatomic information provided by CT and the metabolic information provided by positron emission tomography (PET).
PET is most commonly performed with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). Fluorine-18 (F-18) is an unstable radioisotope and has a half-...
Article
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Hidradenitis suppurativa, also known as acne inversa, is an inflammatory skin disease of unknown cause. It has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, and androgen excess has been postulated 7. The disease is associated with Crohn disease and Dowling Degos disease.
Epidemiology
Up to 4% of...
Article
Hair
Hair (TA: pilus/pili) remains important physiologically and psychologically for humans. The hair shaft develops from a structure known as the hair follicle. Each hair has an arrector pili muscle and both sensory and sympathetic neural connections.
Gross anatomy
The hair shaft (TA: stipes pili)...
Article
Radial clubhand (radial deficiency)
Radial clubhand is a rare congenital birth disorder characterized by an absent thumb and a perpendicular relationship between wrist and forearm.
Epidemiology
Rare. Noted in around 1: 55,000 births. Bilateral up to 72% of cases.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with a perpendicular rela...
Article
Radial hemimelia
Radial hemimelia is a congenital abnormality characterized by partial or total absence of the radius bone of the forearm. It falls within the spectrum of radial ray anomalies.
Epidemiology
Radial hemimelia occurs in 1:30,000-100,000 live births, and is slightly more common in males than in fem...
Article
Sarcoma with BCOR genetic alteration
Sarcomas with BCOR genetic alterations or BCOR sarcomas are uncommon malignant undifferentiated small round cell tumors of soft tissue and bone characterized by BCOR genetic alterations and comprise sarcomas with BCOR-related gene fusions as BCOR-CCNB3 sarcomas and other BCOR-rearranged sarcomas...
Article
Journal of the American College of Radiology
The Journal of the American College of Radiology (JACR) is a monthly peer-reviewed journal of the American College of Radiology (ACR) which has been published since 2004 by Elsevier. Its Editor-in-Chief is Ruth C Carlos, a radiologist at the University of Michigan.
The journal publishes article...
Article
Tay-Sachs disease
Tay-Sachs disease is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder resulting from excess storage of GM2 ganglioside within the lysosomes of cells.
Epidemiology
The incidence of the disease is estimated to be 1 in 3,600 in Ashkenazi Jews with a carrier frequency of 1 in 30 and 1 in 360,000 in other ...
Article
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a type of paranasal sinus surgery performed intranasally using a rigid endoscope. Its primary objective is to restore physiological ventilation and mucociliary transport 1.
Paranasal sinus imaging is crucial in preoperative planning and is also incr...
Article
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Gastric adenocarcinoma, commonly, although erroneously, referred to as gastric cancer, refers to a primary malignancy arising from the gastric epithelium. It is the most common gastric malignancy. It is the third most common GI malignancy following colon and pancreatic carcinoma.
Epidemiology
...
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