Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,878 results found
Article
Image intensifier
Image intensifiers are used to convert low-energy x-rays into visible light images. Image intensifiers are several thousand times more sensitive compared to standard 400-speed screen-film combinations, and in practice can produce images using several thousand times less radiation 3,4.
The bigge...
Article
Hepatic hemangioma
Hepatic hemangiomas or hepatic venous malformations are the most common benign vascular liver lesions. They are frequently diagnosed as an incidental finding on imaging, and most patients are asymptomatic. From a radiologic perspective, it is important to differentiate hemangiomas from hepatic m...
Article
Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa
Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa refers to a pseudoaneurysm in the region of the avascular fibrous tissue between the mitral and aortic valves (i.e. the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa (MAIVF)).
Pathology
Etiology
They may rarely occur as a result of infective end...
Article
Paraesophageal hernia
Paraesophageal hernias (POH), or rolling hiatus hernias, are an uncommon type of hiatus hernia representing ~10% of all hiatus hernias.
Clinical presentation
Can vary and can include:
asymptomatic
gastro-esophageal reflux disease
substernal, post-prandial chest pain
epigastric pain
dysp...
Article
Splenic metastases
Splenic metastases are relatively rare on imaging and are more commonly encountered at autopsy. Typically they are part of a widespread metastatic disease.
Epidemiology
The rate of splenic metastases varies between 1-10% of autopsy studies, depending on whether microscopic or macroscopic metas...
Article
False aneurysm
False aneurysms, also known as pseudoaneurysms, are abnormal outpouchings or dilatation of arteries which are bounded only by the tunica adventitia, the outermost layer of the arterial wall. These are distinguished from true aneurysms, which are bounded by all three layers of the arterial wall. ...
Article
Hemoglobinopathies
A hemoglobinopathy is a genetic disorder which alters the structure of hemoglobin 1. The result is reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood to the tissues, and other sequelae.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation varies, is related to hypoxia, and characteristically includes the fo...
Article
Gradman and Steinburg inferior vena cava aneurysm classification
Gradman and Steinburg inferior vena cava aneurysm classification is one method of classifying aneurysmal dilatation of the inferior vena cava, which is an uncommon finding. When present, it can be often associated with other caval anomalies. Gradman and Steinburg method classifies them as 1:
ty...
Article
Lipomyelomeningocele
Lipomyelomeningoceles are one of the forms of closed spinal dysraphism. They usually present as a subcutaneous fatty mass just above the intergluteal cleft. However, some lipomyelomeningoceles may occur at other locations along the spinal canal.
Clinical presentation
Lipomyelomeningoceles may ...
Article
Acromioclavicular joint injury
Acromioclavicular joint injuries, commonly shortened to ACJ injuries, are characterized by damage to the acromioclavicular joint and surrounding structures. Almost invariably traumatic in etiology, they range in severity from a mild sprain to complete disruption.
Epidemiology
Acromioclavicular...
Article
Mastectomy
Mastectomy is a surgical treatment for breast cancer in which the entire breast tissue is removed through a surgical procedure. Sometimes adjacent structures such as lymph nodes are removed to prevent recurrence or metastasis of the disease process. In some cases, mastectomy is done for the prev...
Article
Kartagener syndrome
Kartagener syndrome (also known as Kartagener-Afzelius syndrome) is a subset of primary ciliary dyskinesia, an autosomal recessive condition characterized by abnormal ciliary structure or function, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of primary ciliary dyski...
Article
Telecanthus
Telecanthus (rare plural: telecanthi) represents an increased distance between the medial canthi. This is not to be confused with hypertelorism, which refers to an abnormally increased interpupillary distance.
Telecanthus can occur in isolation with a normal interpupillary distance (such as a c...
Article
Empty sella
An empty sella, also known as an empty pituitary fossa, refers to the appearance of the sella turcica when the pituitary gland appears shrunken or invisible and CSF fills the space instead. It is commonly an incidental finding of no clinical significance, but there exists a well-established asso...
Article
Blepharophimosis
Blepharophimosis is a dysplasia of the eyelids characterized by horizontal shortening of the palpebral fissure. It is often associated with ptosis or telecanthus 2.
Blepharophimosis is a feature of Dubowitz syndrome and Smith Lemli Opitz syndrome.
Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inve...
Article
Robinow syndrome
Robinow syndrome is a rare heterogeneous genetic disorder with at least two distinct forms.
Terminology
Fetal face syndrome and Robinow-Silverman syndrome are the other synonyms for this genetic disorder. Formerly it was known as costovertebral segmentation defect with mesomelia 8.
Epidemiolo...
Article
Waardenburg syndrome
Waardenburg syndrome is a rare neurocristopathy, with congenital pigmentary disorder secondary to an abnormal distribution of neural crest-derived melanocytes during embryogenesis resulting in patchy areas of depigmentation. It is considered in the investigation of congenital sensorineural deafn...
Article
Hypervascular liver lesions
Hypervascular liver lesions are findings that enhance more or similarly to the background hepatic parenchyma in the late arterial phase, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI.
Differential diagnosis
Non-neoplastic
focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)
bright arterial phase enhancement except central scar...
Article
Bone marrow edema
Bone marrow edema is the term given to abnormal fluid signals seen within the bone marrow on MRI. It is a non-specific yet important imaging finding, usually indicating the presence of underlying pathology.
Terminology
The term edema was coined on MRI as the signal in abnormal bone marrow is s...
Article
Ethmoid mucocele
An ethmoid mucocele is a form of paranasal sinus mucocele involving the ethmoid air cells. Depending on its anterior and/or posterior location, they can also include nasoethmoid and sphenoethmoid mucoceles. Ethmoid mucoceles are considered the second most common in location 2.
Clinical presenta...
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