Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,872 results found
Article
Pelvis radiograph (pediatric)
The radiography of the pelvis in the pediatric patient varies greatly from the adult examination; particularly as specialized techniques are often required to immobilize the patient. To avoid future mobility and pain complications, it is essential to treat fractures and correct developmental pat...
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Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays
The book Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays was the first ever textbook on x-rays anywhere in the world. It was written by H Snowden Ward and first published in May 1896 by Dawbarn & Ward. This is a mere six months after Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays.
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Article
Valveless vein
The valveless veins are veins that lack venous valves. Most veins contain valves (known as the valvula venosa in the TA) to prevent backflow, i.e. ensuring that blood flow is always towards the heart 1.
Evidence shows that veins that were previously thought to be valveless, are now known to hav...
Article
Cartilage injury (overview)
The term cartilage injury or articular cartilage injury summarizes a spectrum of different cartilage lesions that are usually used in the context of hyaline cartilage damage within diarthrodial joints.
In a narrower sense, the term cartilage injury describes types of articular injury with spari...
Article
Wearable biosensors
Wearable biosensors are portable electronic devices that enable real-time monitoring and feedback to the user on various biological and physiological indicators. It has been suggested that they could revolutionise personalised healthcare and home management of patients by enabling continuous mon...
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Rule of Spence
The Rule of Spence is a radiologic method to evaluate the likelihood of injury to the transverse atlantal ligament (TAL) on an open mouth AP (“peg”) radiograph. As originally framed, if the combined projection of the lateral masses of the atlas is more than 6.9 mm beyond the lateral masses of th...
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Embryonic growth discordance
Embryonic growth discordance is a term given to a twin growth discordance occurring during the early embryonic period. It is principally manifested by a discrepancy in crown rump length. It is considered independent of the chorionicity of the twins 5.
Epidemiology
Embryonic growth discordance...
Article
Incisivus labii inferioris muscle
The incisivus labii inferioris muscle (TA: pars labialis musculi orbicularis oris) is one of the facial muscles. It acts as a supplementary muscle to the orbicularis oris muscle.
Terminology
The incisivus labii inferioris muscle is often omitted from major anatomical texts or articles on the f...
Article
Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma
Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (PILA) (also known - especially historically - as a Dabska tumor) is a rare, low-grade soft tissue tumor 1. The lesion is borderline-malignant and metastasis is distinctly unusual.
Epidemiology
Less than 40 cases have been reported in the global liter...
Article
Spinal epidermoid cyst
Spinal epidermoid cysts are cystic tumors lined by squamous epithelium. Unlike dermoid cysts, they do not contain skin appendages (hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands). They are usually extramedullary but rarely can be intramedullary. They may be congenital or acquired.
This article ...
Article
Python (programming language)
Python is a high-level, general-purpose computer programming language. Initially, Python was created by Dutch computer programmer Guido van Rossum and was first released in 1991. The version 3.7.4 (which is the most stable release as of July 2019) Python language has objects and associated mach...
Article
Reticuloendothelial MRI contrast agents
Reticuloendothelial MRI contrast agents can best be discussed in terms of those used for liver and spleen imaging and those for lymph node imaging.
Liver and spleen
The use of Gd-DTPA with routine imaging sequences of the liver is unsatisfactory. Particulate contrast agents targeted to the ret...
Article
Normal genitourinary tract imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the genitourinary tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality.
Kidneys
Plain radiograph
KUB: example 1
abdominal x-ray: example 1
Intravenous Urogram (IVU) and Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
IVU: example 1, example 2
Ultrasound
rena...
Article
Twin reversed arterial perfusion
Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare complication of monochorionic pregnancies. It develops when the following conditions are present:
1. lack of a well-formed heart in one of the twins (so-called acardiac twin)
2. a superficial artery-to-artery placental anastomosis prov...
Article
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) is considered a variant of the twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) occurring in monochorionic twin pregnancies.
Epidemiology
TAPS may occur spontaneously in up to 5% of monochorionic twins and may also develop after incomplete laser treatment in tw...
Article
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a potential complication that can occur in a monochorionic twin pregnancy (either MCDA or MCMA).
Epidemiology
This complication can occur in ~10% (range 15-25%) of monochorionic pregnancies, giving an estimated prevalence of ~1:2000 of all pregnanci...
Article
Braxton Hicks contractions
Braxton Hicks contractions, aka practice contractions or false labor, are physiological contractions of myometrium that occur in pregnancy. They are often sporadic and start by ~6 weeks.
Radiographic features
Antenatal ultrasound
It may be seen as a transient change myometrial thickness 2.
H...
Article
Stub
Stubs are short incomplete articles that are little more than a placeholder for a longer definitive article. The length of the article is less important than how long it is in contrast to how long it should be. In other words, some articles need only be a paragraph long to be considered complete...
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Primary hyperaldosteronism
Primary hyperaldosteronism is a condition of excess aldosterone production and occurs secondary to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal cortical adenoma, or rarely, adrenal carcinoma. When primary hyperaldosteronism is due to aldosterone-producing adenoma it is called Conn syndrome 2,3,9. Diff...
Article
Brain arteriovenous malformation
Brain arteriovenous malformations are a type of intracranial high-flow vascular malformation composed of enlarged feeding arteries, a nidus of vessels closely associated with the brain parenchyma through which arteriovenous shunting occurs, and draining veins.
Terminology
This article correspo...
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