Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Pregnancy of uncertain viability
Pregnancy of uncertain viability (PUV) is a term given to an intrauterine pregnancy in a situation where there are not enough criteria (usually on ultrasound grounds) to confidently categorize an intrauterine pregnancy as either viable or a failed pregnancy.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
...
Article
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is defined as that occurring distal to the ligament of Treitz (i.e. from the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum or anus) and presenting as either hematochezia (bright red blood/clots or burgundy stools) or melena.
Epidemiology
The incidence of lower gastrointe...
Article
Little leaguer's elbow
The little leaguer's elbow was initially coined to describe medial epicondyle avulsion, but now it refers to a range of acquired elbow abnormalities in a skeletally immature patient engaged in overhead sports such as tennis, baseball, etc.
Epidemiology
It occurs in skeletally immature athletes...
Article
Acromial types
The shape of the acromion had been initially divided into three types (which was known as the Bigliani classification) 3, to which a fourth has been added 2. They are used as a standardized way of describing the acromion, as well as predicting to a degree the incidence of impingement.
Classifi...
Article
Rigler sign (bowel)
The Rigler sign, also known as the double-wall sign, is a sign of pneumoperitoneum seen on an abdominal radiograph when gas is outlining both sides of the bowel wall, i.e. gas within the bowel's lumen and gas within the peritoneal cavity. It is seen with large amounts of pneumoperitoneum (>1000 ...
Article
Klebsiella
Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, which is relatively commonly encountered in the healthcare environment. It has numerous species, including K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, and K. rhinoscleromatis 1. Klebsiella may cause a range of infections, most commo...
Article
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Intraventricular hemorrhage denotes the presence of blood within the cerebral ventricular system. It is associated with significant morbidity due to the risk of obstructive hydrocephalus.
It can be divided into primary or secondary, with primary hemorrhage being far less common than secondary:...
Article
Calponin
Calponin is an actin-binding protein regulating actin/myosin interaction in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells 1,2. It inhibits actin-activated myosin ATPase and stabilizes the actin cytoskeleton. It also serves as a target in immunohistochemistry where it can be used for the identification of m...
Article
Susceptibility vessel sign
The susceptibility vessel sign is a radiological sign appreciated on susceptibility-sensitive MRI brain sequences that is described in patients with acute ischemic stroke. It correlates well with the hyperdense vessel sign (e.g. hyperdense MCA sign) that may be seen on CT brain, but is considere...
Article
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome refers to a group of clinical syndromes caused by congenital or acquired compression of the brachial plexus or subclavian vessels as they pass through the superior thoracic aperture 11.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation will depend on the structure compresse...
Article
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (aTOS) is considered rarest from of
thoracic outlet syndrome and can result in compression of arterial structures (especially the subclavian artery) at thoracic outlet, or superior thoracic aperture.
Many of these patients may also have concurrent venous thora...
Article
Vesicoureteric reflux
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is the term for the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract and is typically encountered in young children.
For grading of vesicoureteric reflux, please refer to vesicoureteric reflux grading.
Epidemiology
The incidence of urinary tract...
Article
Limy bile
Limy bile stands for the presence of a viscous substance in the dependent parts of the gallbladder and/or bile ducts, almost entirely composed of calcium carbonate, and therefore highly radiopaque.
Terminology
The terms limy bile and calcium milk gallbladder can be used interchangeably for inc...
Article
Mylohyoid boutonniere
Mylohyoid boutonniere is a normal focal discontinuity in the mylohyoid muscle, which may permit the sublingual salivary gland, fat or vessels - or a combination thereof - to protrude out from the sublingual space into the submandibular space.
Epidemiology
The finding has been observed in up to...
Article
Presentation (case)
Presentation refers to the clinical details that need to be included as part of Radiopaedia cases and can include symptoms, signs, physical examination findings, relevant past history and/or laboratory studies. Complications, if part of the initial disease process (e.g. hemorrhage as a complicat...
Article
Optic disc drusen
Optic disc drusen (ODD), or hyaline bodies, are a relatively common entity usually found incidentally on CT or on follow-up of abnormal fundoscopy.
Epidemiology
Optic disc drusen are identified radiographically in up to 0.3-3.7% of the population and are frequently bilateral 1,4,5. They are ty...
Article
CNS neuroblastoma, FOXR2-activated
Central nervous system neuroblastoma, FOXR2-activated is a novel brain tumor entity included in the WHO brain tumor classification 1.
Terminology
Central nervous system neuroblastoma with FOXR2 activation was identified in 2016 as a molecular entity, distinguished from primitive neuroectoderma...
Article
Glomangioma
Glomangiomas, also known as glomus tumors, are benign vascular tumors typically seen at the distal extremities. On imaging, they characteristically present as small hypervascular nodules under the fingernail.
Terminology
These tumors should not be confused with paragangliomas, which were form...
Article
Cervical cancer (staging)
Staging of cervical cancer can either be based on the TNM or FIGO system.
Classification
Revised FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma (2018)
FIGO no longer includes stage 0 (Tis)
I: confined to cervix uteri (extension to the corpus should be disregarded)
IA: invasive carcinoma only diagnosed ...
Article
Baby bird’s beak sign
The baby bird's beak sign is an antenatal ultrasound appearance formed by the pulmonary artery abnormally arising from the left ventricle in fetuses with transposition of the great arteries.
In these cases, the pulmonary artery bifurcation and abnormal outflow tracts mimic the head of a baby bi...
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