Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,872 results found
Article
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis (less commonly known as Bechterew disease or Marie-Strümpell disease) is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy, which results in fusion (ankylosis) of the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints, although involvement is also seen in large and small joints.
Epidemiology
Traditional...
Article
Shiny corner sign (ankylosing spondylitis)
The shiny corner sign is a spinal finding in ankylosing spondylitis, representing reactive sclerosis secondary to inflammatory erosions at the superior and inferior endplates (corners on lateral radiograph) of the vertebral bodies, which are known as Romanus lesions. Eventually, the vertebral bo...
Article
Romanus lesion (vertebral bodies)
The Romanus lesion represents an early finding in inflammatory spondyloarthropathies, such as ankylosing spondylitis and enteropathic arthritis, and appears as irregularity and erosion involving the anterior and posterior edges of the vertebral endplates 1. Healing response to these inflammatory...
Article
Leptomeningeal cyst
Leptomeningeal cysts, also known as growing skull fractures, are an enlarging skull fracture that occurs near post-traumatic encephalomalacia. The term cyst is actually a misnomer, as it is not a cyst, but an extension of the encephalomalacia. Hence, it is usually seen a few months post-trauma.
...
Article
Mediastinal mass
Mediastinal masses may be caused by a wide variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies. It is helpful to identify the location of the mass since this significantly reduces the breadth of the differential diagnosis.
There are four conceptual compartments of the mediastinum which are di...
Article
Paracondylar process
The paracondylar process, also known as the paraoccipital, paramastoid, parajugular or estiloid process, is a rare anatomical variant of the occipital where a bony exostosis extends caudally from the paracondylar region (lateral to the native occipital condyles), typically articulating with the ...
Article
Ligamentum nuchae
The ligamentum nuchae or nuchal ligament is a large median ligament composed of tendons and fascia located between the posterior muscles of the neck.
Gross anatomy
The ligament nuchae covers the spines of C1 to C6 vertebrae. It is a superior and posterior extension of the supraspinous ligament...
Article
Kawashima procedure
Kawashima procedure is a palliative surgical procedure performed in cases of:
left isomerism and azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava
single functional ventricle
single atrium and common atrioventricular valve with or without regurgitation
pulmonary stenosis
It is performed by crea...
Article
Psammoma bodies
Psammoma bodies are round microscopic calcific collections. It is a form of dystrophic calcification. Necrotic cells form the focus for surrounding calcific deposition. They have a lamellated concentric calcified structure, sometimes large enough to be seen on CT.
Psammoma bodies are found in ...
Article
Thymus protocol (MRI)
Thymic MRI is a targeted mediastinal imaging protocol performed mainly to distinguish surgical from nonsurgical thymic lesions (eg. thymic hyperplasia, thymic cysts, and lymphoma).
Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The specifics will vary depe...
Article
Transient hepatic echogenicity differences
Transient hepatic echogenicity differences (THED) are areas of differential enhancement of the liver parenchyma depicted with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) using microbubble intravascular contrast agents. They are equivalent to transient hepatic attenuation differences (THAD) with contrast...
Article
Barium sulfate contrast medium
Barium sulfate (BaSO4), often just called barium in radiology parlance, is an ionic salt of barium (Ba), a metallic chemical element with atomic number 56. Barium sulfate forms the basis for a range of contrast media used in fluoroscopic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike barium ...
Article
Thyroid malignancies
Thyroid malignancies are most commonly primary thyroid cancers but can rarely be metastatic deposits.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
head and neck irradiation (see radiation-induced thyroid cancer)
family history of thyroid cancer
age <30 or >60 years
male
>2 cm
Pathology
Classification
Th...
Article
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the pathological description of a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by focal atrophy of the frontal and/or temporal cortices. These results in variable clinical manifestations collectively known as frontotemporal dementia (FTD) syndrom...
Article
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency is an autosomal codominant metabolic disorder and is the most common genetic cause of emphysema and metabolic liver disease in children. It results in the unopposed action of neutrophil elastase and subsequent severe basal panlobular emphysema and respirator...
Article
Riedel thyroiditis
Riedel thyroiditis is a very rare form of autoimmune thyroiditis. It is sometimes considered as a manifestation of a wider systemic disease with fibrosis of the retroperitoneum, mediastinum, as well as lymphocytic infiltration of extraocular orbital muscles, salivary and lacrimal glands 4. All t...
Article
Schmorl nodes
Schmorl nodes, also known as intravertebral disc herniations, refer to protrusions of the cartilage of the intervertebral disc through the vertebral body endplate and into the adjacent vertebra. The protrusions may contact the marrow of the vertebra, leading to inflammation.
Epidemiology
Quies...
Article
Carotid near-occlusion
Carotid near-occlusion is a special form of severe carotid artery stenosis that results in a partial or complete collapse of the distal internal carotid artery lumen due to underfilling.
It should not be confused with carotid pseudo-occlusion due to terminal intracranial internal carotid arter...
Article
Microfracture
Microfracture is a commonly performed cartilage repair or marrow stimulation method, which induces fibrocartilage growth by creating small microcracks into the subchondral bone.
History
First reports on mesenchymal stem cell stimulation date back to 1946 1. The microfracture technique, how it ...
Article
Athletic pubalgia
Athletic pubalgia or groin pain in athletes is a clinical syndrome of chronic lower pelvic and groin pain, usually encountered in athletes. It is either a musculotendinous or osseous injury that involves the insertion of abdominal muscles on the pubis and the upper aponeurotic insertion of the a...
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