Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Human metapneumovirus pulmonary infection
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) pulmonary infection is a condition reported to cause mild to severe respiratory tract infection, particularly in children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly 6.
Pathology
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), is an RNA virus and was first described in 2001. It is ...
Article
Calcineurin-inhibitor induced pain syndrome
Calcineurin-inhibitor-induced pain syndrome (CIPS) describes a reversible acute pain syndrome that occurs in patients with transplants taking calcineurin inhibitors as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent transplant rejection 1. The most common calcineurin inhibitors prescribed following organ t...
Article
Normal genitourinary tract imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the genitourinary tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality.
Kidneys
Plain radiograph
KUB: example
abdominal x-ray: example
Intravenous Urogram / Pyelogram (IVU/IVP)
IVU: example 1, example 2
Ultrasound
renal ultrasound: exampl...
Article
Renal cell carcinoma (TNM staging)
The TNM system may be used for staging of renal cell carcinoma. An older but still widely used system for staging of renal cell carcinoma in some practices is the Robson staging system.
TNM staging (8th edition)
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: tumor cannot be assessed
T0: tumor not seen
T1
T...
Article
Equivalent dose
Equivalent dose (symbol HT) is a measure of the radiation dose to tissue where an attempt has been made to allow for the different relative biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation. In quantitative terms, equivalent dose is less fundamental than absorbed dose, but it is more b...
Article
Cystic lesions of the pancreas (differential)
The differential for cystic lesions of the pancreas includes:
unilocular
pancreatic pseudocyst
intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
serous cystadenoma uncommonly uni/macrolocular
simple pancreatic cyst
cystic neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas
diffuse pancreatic cysts
pancrea...
Article
Disc bulge
A disc bulge represents displacement of the outer fibers of the annulus fibrosus beyond the margins of the adjacent vertebral bodies, involving more than one-quarter (25% or 90°) of the circumference of an intervertebral disc 3. Because it is limited by the annulus fibrosus it does not extend ab...
Article
ASCOD classification (ischemic stroke)
The ASCOD classification system 1, published in 2013, aims to define phenotypes of ischemic strokes for individual patients by assigning a degree of probability to each of the most common causes of this pathology.
It serves most strictly as a research tool but is also useful clinically as a mne...
Article
Habenula
The habenula is part of the epithalamus and receives input from the brain via the stria medullaris. It outputs to many midbrain areas involved in releasing neuromodulators, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
The habenula was traditionally divided into lateral (limbic) and medial (...
Article
Anterior suprapatellar fat pad impingement syndrome
Anterior suprapatellar (quadriceps) fat pad impingement syndrome is a controversial cause of anterior knee pain although anterior suprapatellar fat pad edema may often, and possibly more commonly, be incidental or considered an anatomical variant 1,2,11.
Clinical presentation
Patients present...
Article
CT cystography
CT cystography is a variation of the traditional fluoroscopic cystogram. Instead of anterograde opacification of the urinary collecting system (as with CT urography), contrast is instilled retrograde into the patient's bladder, and then the pelvis is imaged with CT.
Indications
suspected bladd...
Article
Otsu's method
Otsu’s method, also known as Otsu's threshold algorithm, is an automatic thresholding algorithm used in image processing.
The method separates pixels or voxels from an image into groups based on where their values lie in relation to the image histogram. The method finds threshold values that c...
Article
MR tagging
Cardiac MR tagging or myocardial tagging refers to an MRI-based acquisition method designed for the analysis of myocardial deformation.
Technique
The method exploits tissue magnetization as a tissue property. A local magnetic saturation grid of dark-lined tissue markers known as tags are induc...
Article
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum may be complete (agenesis) or partial (dysgenesis) and represents an in utero developmental anomaly. It can be divided into:
primary agenesis: corpus callosum never forms
secondary dysgenesis: corpus callosum forms normally and is subsequently destroyed
Epide...
Article
Benign enhancing foramen magnum lesion
Benign enhancing foramen magnum lesions, also described as high signal lesions, are an incidental finding on 3D FLAIR MRI in a typical location in the foramen magnum just posterior to the intradural vertebral artery.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of this finding was 3% in a retrospective review...
Article
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), colloquially known as a heart attack, an acute coronary syndrome, results from interruption of myocardial blood flow and resultant ischemia and is a leading cause of death worldwide.
Epidemiology
Risk factors
male > females
age
>45 years for males
>55 years for...
Article
Snowstorm sign (extracapsular breast implant rupture)
The snowstorm sign on breast ultrasound imaging represents the presence of free silicone droplets mixed with breast parenchymal tissue causing characteristic homogeneously hyperechoic dense shadowing with dispersion of the ultrasound beam. It is considered the most reliable sign of extracapsular...
Article
Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum
Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum is a relatively uncommon disorder of the heart characterized by benign fatty infiltration of the interatrial septum. It is commonly found in elderly and obese patients as an asymptomatic incidentally discovered finding.
Epidemiology
The prevale...
Article
Brachial plexus injuries
Brachial plexus injuries are a spectrum of upper limb neurological deficits secondary to partial or complete injury to the brachial plexus, which provides the nerve supply of upper limb muscles.
Clinical presentation
Trauma, usually by motor vehicle accidents, involves severe traction on the ...
Article
Vasa vasorum
The vasa vasorum represents the supporting microvasculature of the larger caliber arteries and veins of the body.
Gross anatomy
The vasa vasorum has two subtypes in humans 2,3:
arterial vasa vasorum: arises from various arteries based on anatomical location (e.g. intercostal arteries for desc...
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