Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Wolman disease
Wolman disease is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism resulting in the deposition of fats in multiple organs. This presents on imaging by hepatosplenomegaly and enlarged calcified adrenals.
Clinical presentation
Patients with Wolman disease typically present during the first ...
Article
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum may be complete (agenesis) or partial (dysgenesis) and represents an in utero developmental anomaly. It can be divided into:
primary agenesis: corpus callosum never forms
secondary dysgenesis: corpus callosum forms normally and is subsequently destroyed
Epide...
Article
Pharyngeal plexus
The pharyngeal plexus lies on the posterolateral wall of the pharynx, mainly over the middle pharyngeal constrictor and is the main motor and sensory nerve supply to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate and acts to coordinate swallowing and speech 1-7.
Summary
location: within the extern...
Article
Alpha angle (cam morphology)
The alpha angle is a radiological measurement proposed for the detection of cam morphology, which is sometimes associated with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).
Terminology
The term alpha angle is also used in a separate and unrelated context in the evaluation of developmental dysplasia of ...
Article
Greater tubercle fracture of the shoulder
Greater tubercle/tuberosity fractures of the shoulder are a subtype of proximal humeral fractures.
Gross anatomy
The greater tubercle is the most lateral bony part of the shoulder. It is the site where three of the rotator cuffs insert to abduct or laterally rotate the shoulder joint (supraspi...
Article
Cardiac CT
Computed tomography of the heart or cardiac CT is routinely performed to gain knowledge about cardiac or coronary anatomy, to detect or diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD), to evaluate patency of coronary artery bypass grafts or implanted coronary stents or to evaluate volumetry and cardiac f...
Article
Digital breast tomosynthesis
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is an imaging technique that allows a volumetric reconstruction of the whole breast from a finite number of low-dose two-dimensional projections obtained by different X-ray tube angles, with a geometric principle very similar to that applied in stratigraphic te...
Article
Tick-borne encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a zoonotic disease, occurring as a result of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection, is a recognized flavivirus encephalitis and an increasingly considered differential diagnosis globally 1.
Epidemiology
Tick-borne encephalitis is endemic to Asian, east...
Article
Koos grading scale
The Koos grading scale 1 is frequently used as a classification system for vestibular schwannomas.
Classification
grade 1: small intracanalicular tumor
grade 2: small tumor with protrusion into the cerebellopontine cistern (CPA); no contact with the brainstem
grade 3: tumor occupying the cer...
Article
Carotidynia
Carotidynia, also known as Fay syndrome, is a rare syndrome characterized by neck pain in the region of the carotid bifurcation.
It was classified by the International Headache Society (IHS) in 1988 as an idiopathic neck pain syndrome associated with tenderness over the carotid bifurcation with...
Article
Fractional flow reserve
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a technique to evaluate the hemodynamic relevance of coronary artery stenoses 1,2. It is defined as "the ratio of maximal flow achievable in the stenotic coronary artery to the maximal flow achievable in the same coronary artery if it was normal" 1.
Fractional f...
Article
Systemic hypertension
Systemic hypertension is defined medically as a blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg. The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) have changed guidelines to indicate that pressures above 130/80 mmHg will be considered hypertension, however, the European Socie...
Article
Rockwood classification of acromioclavicular joint injury
The Rockwood classification (1998) is the most commonly used (c.2024) classification system in use for acromioclavicular joint injuries 3,8,9.
Usage
This well-known 6-type system is a modification of the earlier 3-class classification system described by Allman (1967) 2 and Tossy (1963). The ...
Article
Hemiplegic migraine
Hemiplegic migraines are an uncommon subtype of migraine with aura wherein patients present with usually reversible motor weakness, usually unilateral. They can be challenging to distinguish from epilepsy or ischemic stroke, even with the benefit of MRI 1.
Epidemiology
Compared to migraines, ...
Article
Diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an MRI technique that uses anisotropic diffusion to estimate the axonal (white matter) organization of the brain.
Fiber tractography (FT) is a 3D reconstruction technique to assess neural tracts using data collected by diffusion tensor imaging.
Diffusion-weigh...
Article
Pulmonary artery catheter
Pulmonary artery catheters (PAC or Swan-Ganz catheters) are balloon flotation catheters that can be inserted simply, quickly, with little training and without fluoroscopic guidance, at the bedside, even in the seriously ill patient, into the pulmonary arteries.
Usage
Historically, pulmonary ar...
Article
Spinning top urethra
Spinning top urethra is non-obstructive posterior urethral dilatation seen on voiding cystourethrography, mainly in females. It was initially considered as an indicator of distal urethral narrowing/stenosis. However, it is now believed to be due to functional discoordinate voiding or bladder ins...
Article
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms or tumors (IPMNs or IMPTs) are epithelial pancreatic cystic tumors of mucin-producing cells that arise from the pancreatic ducts. They are most commonly seen in elderly patients.
On imaging, particularly MRCP, they are characterized by single or multipl...
Article
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is a commonly used surgical approach for pituitary region masses, with many significant advantages over open craniotomy.
History
The transsphenoidal approach was first described in 1907 by Schloffer, modified by Halstead and subsequently popularized by Harvey Cu...
Article
Modic type endplate changes
Modic type endplate changes represent a classification for vertebral body endplate MRI signal changes, first described in 1988 1. It is widely recognized by radiologists and clinicians and is a useful shorthand for reporting MRIs of the spine.
Modic type 1 has received renewed attention due to ...
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