Articles
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16,892 results found
Article
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), is a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders characterized by accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia, which results in variable neurological disorders including extrapyramidal symptoms, neuropsychiatric and visual symptoms.
Numerou...
Article
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as long-sightedness or hyperopia, is a refractive disorder. Though it can happen in any age group, it usually starts from mid-late adulthood.
Clinical presentation
In this condition, distant objects are seen better than close objects.
Pathology
The blurriness of nea...
Article
Ciliopathies
Ciliopathies refer to diseases due to malfunctioning cilia (singular: cilium). Cilia are organelles that are external extensions of the cell membrane. Cilia fall into two main types: primary (or immotile) cilia and motile cilia.
Clinical presentation
Primary cilia are found in virtually every...
Article
Shoulder (supine lateral scapula view)
The supine lateral scapula view (anterior oblique AP) is a modified lateral shoulder projection often utilized in trauma imaging. Orthogonal to the AP shoulder (note so is an axillary view); It is a pertinent projection to assess suspected dislocations, scapula fractures and degenerative changes...
Article
Periosteal chondrosarcoma
Periosteal chondrosarcomas, previously also known as juxta-cortical chondrosarcomas, are cartilagineous or chondroid matrix-generating neoplasms originating in close association with the periosteum from the bony surface 1-3.
Terminology
The term ‘juxta-cortical chondrosarcoma’ is no longer rec...
Article
Subdural hygroma
Subdural hygromas (alternative plural: hygromata 9) refer to the accumulation of fluid in the subdural space. In many cases, it is considered an epiphenomenon of head injury when it is called a traumatic subdural hygroma.
Epidemiology
Subdural hygromas are encountered in all age-groups but ar...
Article
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head, previously known as avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip, is the most common site for osteonecrosis, presumably due to a combination of precarious blood supply and high loading when standing.
Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head epiphysis in children (...
Article
Facial nerve
The facial nerve is the seventh (CN VII) cranial nerve and comprises two roots, a motor root and a smaller mixed sensory, taste and parasympathetic root, known as nervus intermedius, which join together within the temporal bone (TA: nervus facialis or nervus cranialis VII).
The facial nerve has...
Article
Meningocele
Meningoceles (also spelled meningocoele) are protrusions of the meninges through a defect or weak point in the skull or spine, usually involving the soft tissues beneath the surface of the skin. They are typically categorized into congenital, iatrogenic (e.g. following a craniotomy, sinus surger...
Article
Gastrointestinal leiomyoma (overview)
Gastrointestinal leiomyomas are smooth muscle tumors without malignant potential that may develop in any part of the gastrointestinal system:
esophageal leiomyoma
gastric leiomyoma
small bowel leiomyoma
colonic leiomyoma
Article
Meningeal hemangiopericytoma (historical)
Hemangiopericytomas of the meninges are rare tumors of the meninges, now considered to be an aggressive form of solitary fibrous tumors of the dura. They often present as large and locally aggressive dural masses, frequently extending through the skull vault. They are difficult to distinguish on...
Article
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (FHCS), or perihepatitis, is the inflammation of the liver capsule and overlying peritoneum associated with adhesion formation, without the involvement of the hepatic parenchyma. It is a chronic complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Epidemiology
The preva...
Article
Malignant transformation
Malignant transformation is the term given to the process whereby either normal, metaplastic, or benign neoplastic tissue, becomes a cancer. The process usually occurs in a series of steps and the affected tissue gradually accumulates the genetic mutations that express a malignant phenotype. The...
Article
Canalis basilaris medianus
The canalis basilaris medianus (median basal canal), also known as clival canal, median clival canal, or inferior median clival canal, refers to a number of anatomic variant midline canals in the clivus, typically involving the basioccipital portion.
Gross anatomy
These canals are generally we...
Article
Adrenal metastasis
Adrenal metastases are the most common malignant lesions involving the adrenal gland. Metastases are usually bilateral but may also be unilateral. Unilateral involvement is more prevalent on the left side (ratio of 1.5:1).
Epidemiology
They are present at autopsy in up to 27% of patients with ...
Article
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
A right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) refers to any form of obstruction exerting effects on the right ventricular outflow tract. The obstruction itself however can occur at various sites inclusive of the following levels:
mid-right ventricle
infundibulum (e.g. tetralogy of Fall...
Article
Küttner tumor
Küttner tumor refers to a chronic sclerosing sialadenitis. Despite the term tumor, it is a non-neoplastic condition. It is classically described in relation to the submandibular gland but less commonly can also affect the other salivary glands 9 and occasionally also the lacrimal gland 6.
Termi...
Article
Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US)
The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US) forms the ultrasound component of the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS). This system aims to ensure that there are uniform unambiguous sonographic evaluations of ovarian or other adnexal lesions, accurately ass...
Article
Tibial tuberosity transfer
Tibial tuberosity transfer is a surgical procedure performed for patella instability. Tibial tuberosity transfer can simultaneously correct a high-riding patella. The goal of the surgery is often to transfer the distal attachment of the patellar tendon, thereby shifting the force vector medially...
Article
Neoplasm
Neoplasms, also known as tumors, are pathological masses, caused by cells abnormally proliferating and/or not appropriately dying. Neoplasms may be either benign or malignant. Malignant neoplasms are synonymous with cancers.
Benign neoplasms
clear origin (unless very large)
slow growth
usua...
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