70 results found
Article
Testicular seminoma
Testicular seminomas are a type of germ cell tumor and the most common testicular tumor, accounting for ~45% of all primary testicular tumors. This article concerns only testicular seminomas; however, seminomas can arise outside of the testis, most often within the anterior mediastinum (see arti...
Article
Hematuria (pediatric)
Hematuria in a child is evaluated differently than in an adult in two main respects:
there is a lower likelihood of a malignancy (renal or bladder) causing the hematuria
preference is given to nonionizing radiation
Pathology
Hematuria can be considered in three main forms:
"gross" hematuria...
Article
Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder
A spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder is usually on a background of a pre-existing pathology and is a urological emergency.
For a general discussion of the perforation of the urinary bladder, please refer to the article on urinary bladder rupture.
Epidemiology
Intraperitoneal bladder t...
Article
External iliac lymph nodes
The external iliac lymph nodes can be found surrounding the external iliac artery and act as the draining nodes for several regions of the pelvis and lower limb.
Gross anatomy
The external iliac lymph nodes lie anterior to the internal iliac lymph nodes and usually form three separate subgrou...
Article
Multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma
Multicystic peritoneal mesotheliomas are a rare benign subtype of mesothelioma.
Terminology
The nomenclature for this condition can be confusing due to the use of multiple interchangeable synonyms that lump it together with the peritoneal inclusion cysts. Although there is still some debate o...
Article
Renal tuberculosis
Renal tuberculosis, a subset of genitourinary tuberculosis, accounts for 15-20% of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and can result in varied and striking radiographic appearances.
Tuberculosis can involve both the renal parenchyma and the collecting system (calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder a...
Article
Cystocele
A cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a form of pelvic organ prolapse where the bladder descends inferiorly and posteriorly into the vagina and perineum. It may be accompanied by prolapse of other pelvic organs.
Radiographic features
CT / MRI
Sagittal images are particularly use...
Article
Pelvic congestion syndrome
Pelvic congestion syndrome (some prefer pelvic venous insufficiency 9 ) is a condition that results from retrograde flow through incompetent valves in ovarian veins resulting in pelvic varices and pelvic pain. It is a commonly missed and potentially treatable cause of chronic abdominopelvic pain...
Article
Perineum
The perineum is a diamond-shaped region below the pelvic diaphragm and is divided by an imaginary line drawn between the ischial tuberosities into anteriorly the urogenital triangle and posteriorly the anal triangle.
Gross anatomy
The perineum is bounded by the pubis anteriorly, the ischial tu...
Article
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1.
Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article.
Terminology
The term hydroureter...
Article
Pyonephrosis
Pyonephrosis is a term given to an infection of the kidney with pus in the upper collecting system which can progress to obstruction.
Pyonephrosis may be suspected when the clinical symptoms of fever and flank pain are combined with the radiologic evidence of urinary tract obstruction 1. Debris...
Article
Pelvic lipomatosis
Pelvic lipomatosis or pelvic fibrolipomatosis represents excessive deposition of fat in the pelvis due to overgrowth of adipose cells leading to compression of pelvic organs.
Epidemiology
The condition usually presents in patients 20-50 years of age. The condition is predominantly (~66% of cas...
Article
Urinary bladder trauma
Urinary bladder trauma describes a spectrum of damage that can be caused to the urinary bladder, usually in the context of significant trauma.
Epidemiology
Bladder trauma is generally associated with high energy injuries, and is associated with pelvic fractures in the majority of cases 3,6. Th...
Article
Ductus deferens
The ductus deferens (plural: ductus deferentes), formerly known as the vas deferens (plural: vasa deferentia), forms part of the male internal genitalia where it transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
Terminology
In modern anatomic nomenclature, it is no longer referred ...
Article
Rhabdomyosarcoma (genitourinary tract)
Rhabdomyosarcomas of the genitourinary tract are uncommon tumors occurring in pelvic organs. It is a disease nearly exclusive to the pediatric population.
For a general discussion of this type of tumor, please refer to the article on rhabdomyosarcomas.
Epidemiology
The peak incidence of tumo...
Article
Intrapelvic cup migration
Intrapelvic cup migration is a serious complication after total hip arthroplasty, in which the prosthetic acetabular cup migrates or drifts into the pelvic inlet.
Epidemiology
Fortunately, this complication is very rare. There seems to be a female predisposition 1-3.
Risk factors
Factors inc...
Article
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article.
Terminology
The aim of prostate MRI is to det...
Article
Seminal vesicle stones
Seminal vesicle stones or calculi refer to solid mineralized pieces of material within the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Seminal vesicle calculi are rare and have been mainly reported after the age of 40 years 1.
Associations
Seminal vesicle calculi are often associated with hematospermia.
...
Article
Ureteric calculi
Ureteric calculi or stones are those lying within the ureter, at any point from the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) to the vesicoureteric junction (VUJ). They are the classic cause of renal colic-type abdominal pain. They are a subtype of the broader pathology of urolithiasis.
Epidemiology
The li...
Article
Valsalva maneuver
The Valsalva maneuver is the forced expiration of air against a closed airway, resulting in increased intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and pharyngeal pressure. It can be performed against a closed glottis or by one closing the mouth and pinching the nose while forcibly exhaling.
It is commonly u...
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