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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Rectal cancer response assessment

Assessment of rectal cancer response to therapy, which may be chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination, relies on the synthesis of clinical, endoscopic and radiologic evaluation. The purpose of neoadjuvant therapy is to downstage the tumor, to facilitate surgical resection, and reduce loca...

Neuroblastoma (staging)

There are two methods of neuroblastoma staging; the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS, based on imaging of pre-treatment patients), and the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS, based on the outcomes of surgery). International Neuroblastoma Risk Group St...

Ovarian cancer (staging)

The most commonly adopted ovarian cancer staging system is the FIGO staging system. The staging system is from 2014 1: CT is considered the best imaging modality for staging ovarian cancer 4. stage I: tumor limited to the ovaries stage Ia: tumor limited to one ovary capsule intact no tu...

Tumor pseudoprogression (lung cancer)

Radiologic tumor pseudoprogression on imaging denotes an imaging appearance of tumor response where the tumor first exhibits findings suggestive of progression (i.e. growth, new lesions). However, during sustained therapy, response is eventually demonstrated 1. Epidemiology With the advent of ...

Renal cell carcinoma (TNM staging)

The TNM system may be used for staging of renal cell carcinoma. An older but still widely used system for staging of renal cell carcinoma in some practices is the Robson staging system. TNM staging (8th edition) Primary tumor staging (T) Tx: tumor cannot be assessed T0: tumor not seen T1 T...

Rectal cancer (staging)

Staging of rectal cancer uses the TNM staging system and strongly predicts the success, and rate, of local recurrence following rectal cancer resection. MRI is the modality of choice for the staging of rectal cancer, to guide surgical and non-surgical management options. MRI is used at diagnosis...

Lung cancer (staging - IASLC 8th edition)

The IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) 8th edition lung cancer staging system was introduced in 2016 and supersedes the IASLC 7th edition. It is a TNM staging system. Standard-of-care lung cancer staging ideally should be performed in a multidisciplinary meeting usin...

ECOG performance status

The ECOG performance status, often just called the performance status (PS), is a scale used to assess how a patient's disease is progressing, assess how the disease affects the daily living abilities of the patient, and determine appropriate treatment and prognosis (it is one of the three compon...

Pancreatic cancer (staging)

Staging of pancreatic cancer (i.e. ductal adenocarcinoma) is traditionally performed according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) / Union for International Cancer Control (IUCC) TNM system. In the 2017 new edition (8th edition) AJCC published various major changes including exocr...

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (staging)

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of adenocarcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia). Related histologies included in this system are high...

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma (staging)

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of squamous cell carcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia). Related histologies included in th...

Akeret staging of neuroepithelial tumors

The Akeret or anatomical staging of neuroepithelial tumors adheres loosely to the general scheme underlying AJCC TNM staging. Like other cancer staging systems, it assists in estimating the individual prognosis, in tailoring patient-specific therapy and surveillance, and in improving the compara...

Choi response criteria

The solitary use of the size of the tumor during evaluation for response to chemotherapy has some pitfalls and limitations, especially for specific tumors such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The Choi response criteria for GIST proposed that tumor attenuation could provide an addition...

Lung cancer (staging - IASLC 7th edition) (historical)

The IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) 7th edition lung cancer staging system was proposed in 2010 and has now been updated and superseded by the 8th edition, published in 2016. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) used to be staged di...

Thoracic lymph node stations

Thoracic lymph nodes are divided into 14 stations as defined by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) 1, principally in the context of oncologic staging. For the purpose of prognostication, the stations may be grouped into seven zones. The IASLC definitions leave so...

Small cell lung cancer (staging) (historical)

Previously, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was not staged in the same manner as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but since 2013 both are staged using the IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) lung cancer staging system. The idea behind a different staging system for ...

Visceral pleural invasion

Visceral pleural invasion is a feature that can be seen in lung cancers. It is defined as tumor extension beyond the elastic layer of the visceral pleura, and in some cases may result in a cancer crossing a fissure to invade an adjacent lobe of the lung. It is considered an aggressive sign and o...

Melanoma (staging)

Melanoma cancer staging refers to TNM classification of primary cutaneous melanoma. The system does not apply to the primary non-cutaneous melanomas. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), which has been used for staging ...

Deauville five-point scale

The Deauville five-point scale (Deauville 5PS) is an internationally-recommended scale for routine clinical reporting and clinical trials using FDG PET-CT in the initial staging and assessment of treatment response in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Incl...

Cancer staging list

Cancer staging involves a number of systems to help direct treatment and aid prognosis. The AJCC TNM staging schema is the most common, but other systems are used for specific malignancies or body parts. Breast breast cancer staging Chest lung cancer staging malignant pleural mesothelioma s...

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