Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,434 results found
Article
Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is a congenital genetic disorder resulting in rhizomelic dwarfism and is the most common skeletal dysplasia. It has numerous distinctive radiographic features.
Epidemiology
It occurs due to sporadic mutations in the majority of cases but can be inherited as an autosomal dominan...
Article
Acute mastoiditis
Acute mastoiditis refers to a suppurative infection of the mastoid air cells. It is the most common complication of acute otitis media.
Terminology
In acute otitis media, an inflammatory middle ear effusion is present that can freely move into the mastoid air cells. Consequently, some authors ...
Article
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum may be complete (agenesis) or partial (dysgenesis) and represents an in utero developmental anomaly. It can be divided into:
primary agenesis: corpus callosum never forms
secondary dysgenesis: corpus callosum forms normally and is subsequently destroyed
Epide...
Article
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) are benign expansile osteoclastic giant cell-rich bony neoplasms, composed of numerous blood-filled channels and cystic spaces 1.
ABC accounts for the 'A' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone lesions FEGNOMASHIC.
Terminology
The terms 'giant cell reparative gran...
Article
Anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion injury
Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) avulsion injuries are one of the six main types of pelvic apophyseal avulsion fractures. Subacute or chronic avulsion injuries can be mistaken for a pseudotumor.
Epidemiology
As with many pelvic avulsion injuries, they most often occur in adolescents (most...
Article
Antral nipple sign (pyloric stenosis)
The antral nipple sign refers to redundant pyloric mucosa protruding into the gastric antrum and is seen in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis on ultrasound examination.
See also
cervix sign (pyloric stenosis)
target sign (pyloric stenosis)
Article
Acute appendicitis
Acute appendicitis is an acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. It is a very common condition in general radiology practice and is one of the main reasons for abdominal surgery in young patients. CT is the most sensitive modality to detect appendicitis.
Terminology
Acute appendicitis (p...
Article
Apple-peel intestinal atresia
Apple-peel intestinal atresia, also known as type IIIb or Christmas tree intestinal atresia, is a rare form of small bowel atresia in which the duodenum or proximal jejunum ends in a blind pouch and the distal small bowel wraps around its vascular supply in a spiral resembling an apple peel. Oft...
Article
Bochdalek hernia features (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for remembering the features of a Bochdalek hernia is:
5 Bs
Mnemonic
B: Bochdalek
B: big
B: back and lateral, usually on the left side
B: baby
B: bad (associated with pulmonary hypoplasia)
To remember the side in which a Bochdalek hernia more commonly occurs (and to co...
Article
Banana sign (cerebellum)
The banana sign is one of the many notable fruit inspired signs.
This sign is seen on axial imaging through the posterior fossa of fetuses with associated conditions such as Chiari II malformation and/or spina bifida.
In Chiari II malformation, the banana sign describes the way the cerebellum...
Article
Blount disease
Blount disease refers to a local disturbance of growth of the medial aspect of the proximal tibial metaphysis and/or epiphysis that results in tibia vara. The condition is commonly bilateral. Somewhat confusingly, "tibia vara" has been used in the literature as a synonym for Blount disease.
Epi...
Article
Bochdalek hernia
Bochdalek hernias , also known as pleuroperitoneal hernias, (alternative plural: herniae) are the commonest type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. They occur posteriorly and are due to a defect in the posterior attachment of the diaphragm when there is a failure of pleuroperitoneal membrane cl...
Article
Brain tumors in infancy
Common brain tumors in infancy (i.e. under one year of age) are quite different from those of brain tumors in adulthood. Most are located in the supratentorial region (~65%) and they carry a poor prognosis.
The frequency of these tumors varies according to studies, but the most common brain tum...
Article
Brodie abscess
Brodie abscess is an intraosseous abscess related to a focus of subacute or chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, there is no reliable way to radiographically exclude a focus of osteomyelitis. It has a protean radiographic appearance and can occur at any location and in a patient of any...
Article
Bronchial atresia
Bronchial atresia is a developmental anomaly characterized by focal obliteration of the proximal segment of a bronchus associated with hyperinflation of the distal lung.
On imaging, it commonly presents as a proximal focal tubular-shaped opacity radiating from the hilum associated with a dista...
Article
CHARGE syndrome
CHARGE syndrome is a phenotype associated with CHD7 gene mutation originally defined by a constellation of congenital anomalies:
C: coloboma
H: heart defects
A: atresia choanae
R: retarded growth and development
G: genital hypoplasia
E: ear abnormalities and/or deafness
According to updat...
Article
Elbow ossification (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for elbow ossification include CRITOE and CRITOL. These are essentially the same, apart from the terminal letter which represents the External or Lateral epicondyle.
Mnemonics
CRITOE
C: capitellum
R: radial head
I: internal epicondyle
T: trochlea
O: olecranon
E: external epicon...
Article
Canavan disease
Canavan disease, also known as spongiform degeneration of white matter (not to be confused with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) or aspartoacylase deficiency, is a leukodystrophy clinically characterized by megalencephaly, severe mental and neurological deficits, and blindness.
Epidemiology
Canavan...
Article
Capillary hemangioma of the orbit
Capillary hemangiomas of the orbit, also known as strawberry hemangiomas, on account of its coloring, or orbital infantile hemangiomas, are the most common orbital tumors of infancy, and unlike orbital cavernous hemangiomas, they are neoplasms rather than vascular malformations.
Clinical presen...
Article
Cephalohematoma
Cephalohematomas are traumatic subperiosteal hematomas of the skull that are usually caused by birth injury. They are bound between the periosteum and cranium, and therefore cannot cross sutures. Being bound by a suture line distinguishes them from subgaleal hematoma, which can cross sutures.
E...
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