Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,954 results found
Article
Assessment of thyroid lesions (ultrasound)
Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for assessment of thyroid nodules found on clinical examination or incidentally on another imaging modality. This article is an overview of ultrasonographic features of thyroid nodules, which are used to determine the need for biopsy with fine needle...
Article
American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR)
American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR) is the premier publication of the American Society of Neuroradiology and was first published in 1980 1. Its founding editor was Juan M Taveras (1919-2002), a pioneering American neuroradiologist and co-founder of the American Society of Neuroradiology. I...
Article
Lamina cribrosa sclerae
The lamina cribrosa sclerae, also known as lamina cribrosa of the sclera, is a net-like structure covering a small hole in the posterior sclera through which the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), central retinal artery and central retinal vein pass.
Article
Depressor labii inferioris muscle
The depressor labii inferioris muscle, also known as quadratus labii inferioris muscle, is one of the facial muscles.
Summary
origin: oblique line of the mandible, medial to the mental foramen
insertion:
modiolus at the angle of the mouth
ascends to medially insert into lower lip
innerva...
Article
Accessory nerve
The accessory nerve, also called the spinal accessory nerve, or historically, the nerve of Willis, is the eleventh cranial nerve (CN XI) and is composed of two parts, the cranial part and the spinal part (TA: nervus accessorius or nervus cranialis XI).
Connections and course
The cranial part (...
Article
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastomas are the most common intraocular neoplasm found in childhood and with modern treatment modalities, are, in most cases, curable.
On imaging, they are generally characterized by a heterogeneous retinal mass with calcifications, necrotic components and increased vascularization on D...
Article
Trigeminal radiofrequency ablation
Trigeminal radiofrequency ablation, also known as trigeminal radiofrequency rhizotomy, is a percutaneous interventional procedure used to treat trigeminal neuralgia. It is the most popular technique for trigeminal ablation.
Indications
trigeminal neuralgia resistant to traditional medical trea...
Article
Isthmus (disambiguation)
Isthmus (plural: isthmi) is an anatomical term and refers to a slender structure joining two larger components. Some of these uses of the word isthmus are now rarely used or only seen in older texts and articles:
isthmus (aorta)
isthmus (auditory tube)
isthmus (auricle of the ear)
isthmus (c...
Article
Oropharyngeal isthmus
The oropharyngeal isthmus, a.k.a. isthmus of fauces, is the relative constriction of the anterior oropharynx that borders the oral cavity. The isthmus is sometimes described as the passage that transitions between the oral cavity and pharynx, but strictly speaking, it is part of the oropharynx.
...
Article
Intraconal orbital lesions
Intraconal orbital lesions are broadly divided into two main groups; those with or without involvement of the optic nerves.
Lesions with optic nerve involvement:
optic nerve glioma
optic nerve meningioma
optic neuritis
pseudotumor
lymphoma and leukemia
intracranial hypertension
retinobla...
Article
Buccolabial muscles
The buccolabial muscles form a subgroup of the facial muscles.
Elevators, retractors and evertors of the upper lip:
levator labii superioris alaeque nasalis (LLSAN) muscle
levator labii superioris muscle
zygomaticus major muscle
zygomaticus minor muscle
malaris muscle
levator anguli oris...
Article
Cherubism
Cherubism has historically been considered a variant of fibrous dysplasia, but is likely a distinct entity.
Epidemiology
Cherubism is a rare disorder and the precise incidence is unknown. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern 2 and has variable penetrance, with onset in early child...
Article
Hemotympanum
Hemotympanum is the presence of blood in the middle ear cavity. It is usually secondary to trauma.
Clinical presentation
Typically on otoscopy a bulging red to purple to dark blue colored tympanic membrane is visible, color varying with age of the hemorrhage.
Pathology
The hemorrhage has us...
Article
Facial muscles
The facial muscles, also known as the muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles (TA: musculi faciales), enable facial expression and serve as sphincters and dilators of the orifices of the face. These muscles differ from those of other regions in the body as there is no fascia deep to the ...
Article
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face is a very rare congenital, non-hereditary disease manifesting with prominent unilateral facial overgrowth and deformity.
Clinical presentation
Facial asymmetry is always noted at birth. Other findings on the affected side include:
unilateral ske...
Article
Stab wound (overview)
Stab wounds are a form of penetrating trauma that may be self-inflicted or inflicted by another person either accidentally or intentionally. They may be caused by a variety of objects and may occur anywhere in the body.
Terminology
Although commonly caused by a knife as well, slash injuries di...
Article
Mentalis muscle
The mentalis muscles (TA: musculus mentalis) are paired muscles, one on each side of the mouth, important as elevators of the chin and lower lip; the muscles are one of the facial muscles.
Summary
origin: incisive fossa of the mandible
insertion: skin of the chin
innervation: facial nerve
...
Article
Maxilla
The maxillae (or maxillary bones) are a pair of symmetrical bones joined at the midline, which form the middle third of the face. Each maxilla forms the floor of the nasal cavity and parts of its lateral wall and roof, the roof of the oral cavity, contains the maxillary sinus, and contributes mo...
Article
Cartilage
Cartilage or cartilaginous tissue is a resilient and type of connective tissue of mesodermal origin that forms an integral part within the musculoskeletal system and as a structural component in other organs.
Cartilage can be generally classified into the following main types:
hyaline cartil...
Article
Cacosmia
Cacosmia refers to a form of olfactory dysfunction where the patient has an inability to "recognize" smells. It can arise from a number of pathologies and can include peripheral sinonasal and central sensorineural components. In this situation, the patient knows there is a smell but cannot disti...
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