Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
798 results found
Article
Thoracic aorta
The thoracic aorta is the most superior division of the aorta and is divided into three sections:
ascending aorta
aortic arch
descending aorta
The thoracic aorta begins at the aortic valve, located obliquely just to the left of the midline at the level of the third intercostal space. It term...
Article
Aortic root abscess
An aortic root abscess is a serious complication of infective endocarditis and most commonly seen in patients who have had aortic root repair and/or aortic valve replacement.
Epidemiology
Aortic root abscess occurs as a complication of infective endocarditis in 10-37% 9. Abscess formation in p...
Article
Aortic root
The aortic root is the first part of the aorta containing parts of the aortic valve and connects the heart to systemic circulation.
Gross anatomy
The aortic root is located between the aortic annulus (the junction of the outflow tract of the left ventricle and the aortic valve) and the sinotu...
Article
Obliteration of the retrosternal airspace
Obliteration of the retrosternal airspace is a sign on lateral chest radiographs which can be due to anterior mediastinal mass or right ventricular hypertrophy.
Article
Pericardial lipoma
Pericardial lipomas are slowly growing benign tumors of the pericardium that are asymptomatic unless large in size, where they can cause pressure symptoms.
Clinical presentation
Pericardial lipomas are usually asymptomatic.
Occasionally non-specific symptoms are present including:
chest pain...
Article
Intracardiac thrombus
Intracardiac thrombi are seen in a variety of clinical settings and can result in severe morbidity or even death from embolic events. They can occur following myocardial infarction with ventricular thrombus formation, or with atrial fibrillation and mitral stenosis where atrial thrombi predomina...
Article
Watchman device
Watchman device is a permanent left atrial appendage closure device, which is percutaneously implanted to prevent embolization of thrombus from the appendage into the systemic circulation in cases of atrial fibrillation. It is used when there is a contraindication to anticoagulation or high risk...
Article
Left atrial appendage closure devices
Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure devices are implantable cardiac devices which are placed in the left atrial appendage for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation who have contraindications to pharmacological anticoagulation. Depending on the device they may be inserted percuta...
Article
Page kidney
Page kidney, or Page phenomenon, refers to systemic hypertension secondary to extrinsic compression of the kidney by a subcapsular collection, e.g. hematoma, seroma, or urinoma.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with hypertension, which may be recognized acutely after an inciting event or...
Article
Light chain amyloidosis
Amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis or immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a systemic amyloidosis and a plasma cell proliferative disorder characterized by deposition of misfolded monoclonal kappa or lambda light chains produced by clonal plasma cells 1-6.
Epidemiology
Amyloid light cha...
Article
Cardiac dyssynchrony
Cardiac dyssynchrony refers to deviations in timing and/or disturbance of the normal sequence of activation and contraction between the atria and ventricles of the heart, the right and left ventricle or among the ventricular wall segments.
Epidemiology
Mechanical dyssynchrony is common in pat...
Article
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a subtype of pulmonary edema where the underlying etiology is due to left ventricular dysfunction.
Pathology
Etiology
left heart failure
congestive cardiac failure
mitral regurgitation
aortic stenosis
arrhythmias
myocardial pathology
myocarditis
cardiomyo...
Article
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a cyanotic congenital cardiac anomaly where affected individuals can have profound cyanosis and cardiac failure.
It is one of the most common causes for a neonate to present with congestive cardiac failure and the 4th most frequent cardiac anomaly to ma...
Article
Major aortopulmonary collateral arteries
Major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs) are persistent tortuous fetal arteries that arise from the descending aorta and supply blood to pulmonary arteries in the lungs usually at the posterior aspect of the hilum.
Pathology
Embryologically, the intersegmental arteries regress with th...
Article
Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus
Caseous calcification, liquefactive necrosis or ‘toothpaste tumor’ of the mitral annulus refers to a calcified cardiac mass and a rare variant of mitral annular calcification that is often misdiagnosed as a cardiac abscess or cardiac tumor.
Epidemiology
Caseous mitral annular calcification is ...
Article
Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM or ApHCM), also known as Yamaguchi syndrome, is a rare form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which usually involves the apex of the left ventricle, rarely involves the right ventricular apex, or involves both apices.
Epidemiology
Historically, this condit...
Article
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy diagnostic criteria
For the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) to be made, patients must have either two major criteria, one major and two minor criteria, or four minor criteria.
Major criteria
global or regional dysfunction and structural alterations:
severe dilatation of the ri...
Article
Coronary artery bypass graft
A coronary artery bypass graft (CABG or CAG) is placed during a surgical procedure to increase blood flow to the myocardium due to coronary stenoses, usually caused by coronary artery disease. Arteries or veins can be grafted during this procedure.
Long term outcome of coronary artery bypass gr...
Article
Aortopulmonary septal defect
Aortopulmonary septal defect (APSD) is a congenital anomaly where there is an abnormal communication between the proximal aorta and the pulmonary trunk in the presence of separate aortic and pulmonary valves.
Terminology
APSD should not be confused with the radiographic term aortopulmonary win...
Article
RASopathy
RASopathies are a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode for components or regulators of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Epidemiology
As a group, RASopathies represent one of the most common malformation syndromes, with an in...
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