Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,954 results found
Article
IgG4-related orbital disease
IgG4-related orbital or ophthalmic disease is a manifestation of systemic IgG4-related disease that accounts for a substantial minority of what was previously considered idiopathic orbital inflammation (orbital pseudotumor).
Clinical presentation
Patients usually present with either painless p...
Article
Facial fractures
Facial fractures are commonly caused by blunt or penetrating trauma at moderate or high levels of force. Such injuries may be sustained during a fall, physical assault, motor vehicle collision, or gunshot wound. The facial bones are thin and relatively fragile, making them susceptible to injury....
Article
Nasal septum
The nasal septum (Latin: septum nasi) separates the left and right nasal cavities. It extends from the nares anteriorly to the choanae posteriorly and is covered by squamous epithelium.
Gross anatomy
The vertical midline nasal septum is comprised primarily of a single nasal cartilage from the ...
Article
Basilar fractures of the skull
Basilar fractures of the skull, also known as base of skull or skull base fractures, are a common form of skull fracture, particularly in the setting of severe traumatic head injury, and involve the base of the skull. They may occur in isolation or often in continuity with skull vault (calvarial...
Article
Orbital mass
An orbital mass carries a wide differential.
Differential diagnosis
tumors
lymphoma
metastasis
lacrimal gland or duct tumors
rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit
retinoblastoma
optic nerve meningioma
optic nerve glioma
schwannoma (of trigeminal or other cranial nerves except optic)
neurofibr...
Article
External carotid artery
The external carotid artery (ECA) is one of the two terminal branches of the common carotid artery that has many branches that supplies the structures of the neck, face and head. The other terminal branch is the internal carotid (ICA), which is somewhat larger than the ECA, which supplies the in...
Article
Infantile hemangioma
Infantile hemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms that are the most common head and neck tumors of infancy. They can occur virtually anywhere, but the majority are found in the head and neck regions.
This article aims to be a generic discussion of the condition, for detailed and more specific...
Article
Bezold abscess
A Bezold abscess is a complication of acute otomastoiditis where the infection erodes through the cortex medial to the attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, at the attachment site of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and extends into the infratemporal fossa. It is impalpable b...
Article
Skull sutures
There are many skull sutures, which is the name given to the fibrous joints formed where the bones of the skull meet. In general, sutures do not fuse until brain growth is complete, therefore allowing the skull to increase in size with the developing brain.
Gross anatomy
Skull sutures are fibr...
Article
Facial angiofibroma
Facial angiofibroma, also known as fibrous papule, is a fairly common skin lesion seen in males and females after puberty.
Epidemiology
Associations
There is no hereditary predisposition for this skin lesion. However, multiple angiofibromas, which have a bilaterally symmetrical distribution o...
Article
CDKN2A/p16
CDKN2A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes for the p16 protein, involved in the CDK4/6–RB1 cell-cycle pathway 5.
p16 is a widely used immunohistochemical marker indicating expression of the cell cycle protein, which is upregulated by human papillomavi...
Article
Frontal nerve
The frontal nerve is the largest and main branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1).
Gross anatomy
The frontal nerve divides off the ophthalmic division superiorly just before entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure outside and superolateral to the tendinou...
Article
Supraorbital nerve
The supraorbital nerve is the lateral and larger of the two branches of the frontal nerve, a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. As it courses through the superior aspect of the extraconal space of the orbit it exits the orbit through the supraorbital notch to supply the conju...
Article
Bouthillier classification of internal carotid artery segments
Alain Bouthillier et al. described a seven segment internal carotid artery classification system in 1996 1. It remains the most widely used system for describing the internal carotid artery segments.
A helpful mnemonic for remembering ICA segments is:
C'mon Please Learn Carotid Clinical Organ...
Article
Rosai-Dorfman disease
Rosai-Dorfman disease, also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy or Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease, is a rare benign idiopathic proliferative disease that involves phagocytic histiocytes.
Epidemiology
The disease predominantly occurs in young adults with a mean age at pre...
Article
Supraclavicular lymph nodes
The supraclavicular lymph nodes (often shortened to the supraclavicular nodes) are a paired group of lymph nodes located on each side in the hollow superior to the clavicle, close to the sternoclavicular joint. It is the final common pathway of the lymphatic system as it joins the central venous...
Article
Sotos syndrome
Sotos syndrome is an autosomal dominant syndrome considered as a form of cerebral gigantism, mainly characterized by prenatal and postnatal overgrowth.
Epidemiology
There is no ethnic group predominance and has been detected throughout the world. The prevalence is not known but is estimated to...
Article
Lipoma
Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. They are the most common soft tissue tumor, seen in ~2% of the population.
Epidemiology
Patients typically present in adulthood (5th-7th decades).
Associations
In some cases, multiple lipomas are associated with syndromes and other di...
Article
Lamina papyracea dehiscence
Dehiscence of the lamina papyracea is an anomaly of the paranasal sinuses represented by a defect of the medial orbital wall. It is thought to be a benign congenital variant of no clinical significance.
Clinical presentation
Almost all patients tend to be asymptomatic, according to one study 2...
Article
Postoperative assessment after thyroid cancer surgery
Postoperative assessment after thyroid cancer surgery is performed in the surgical bed and regional lymph nodes, looking for possible recurrence of disease.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
usually performed in first 6-12 months, and then as needed by the patient's risk factors 1
suspicious ...
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