More than 200 results
Article
Shoulder
The shoulder, or shoulder joint, is the connection between the upper arm and the thorax. Comprising numerous ligamentous and muscular structures, the only actual bony articulations are the glenohumeral joint and the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ). The shoulder allows for an extensive range of mot...
Article
Shoulder dislocation
The shoulder dislocation (more accurately termed a glenohumeral joint dislocation) involves separation of the humerus from the glenoid of the scapula at the glenohumeral joint.
This article contains a general discussion on shoulder dislocation. For specific dislocation types please refer to the...
Article
Milwaukee shoulder
Milwaukee shoulder refers to a destructive arthropathy associated with advanced rotator cuff tears and deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals including hydroxyapatite crystals.
Epidemiology
Milwaukee shoulder frequently affects older women with an age range of 50 - 90 years, often with...
Article
Shoulder hemiarthroplasty
Shoulder hemiarthroplasty is a form of partial shoulder joint replacement for the management of pathologies concerning the proximal humerus.
History and etymology
The first shoulder arthroplasty was constructed by Péan in 1893. The 3rd generation arthroplasties have been introduced by Neer in ...
Article
Shoulder series
The shoulder series is fundamentally composed of two orthogonal views of the glenohumeral joint including the entire scapula. The extension of the shoulder series depends on the radiography department protocols and the clinical indications for imaging.
Indications
Shoulder radiographs are perf...
Article
Osteoarthritis of the shoulder
Osteoarthritis of the shoulder or glenohumeral osteoarthritis is referred to as progressive damage of the glenohumeral cartilage associated with bony erosions pain and a loss in function of the glenohumeral joint.
Epidemiology
The glenohumeral joint is one of the less common joints affected by...
Article
Ultrasound of the shoulder
Ultrasound of the shoulder is a fast, relatively cheap, and dynamic way to examine the rotator cuff and is particularly useful in diagnosing:
shoulder impingement
shoulder instability
rotator cuff disorders
The examination requires attention to technique and appropriate patient positioning. ...
Article
Dystocia of shoulder
Shoulder dystocia (SD) refers to the failure of the shoulder to be delivered during childbirth and the need for extra-obstetric maneuvers to facilitate their passage after normal smooth gentle downward traction has failed. Dystocia literally means difficult labor.
Epidemiology
The incidence of...
Article
Shoulder series (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
A shoulder series (or shoulder x-ray) is most frequently performed following trauma looking for evidence of fracture or dislocation.
Reference article
This is a summary article. For more information, you can read a more i...
Article
Imaging the shoulder
Imaging the shoulder is often reliant on multi-modality imaging. The shoulder is a complex ball-and-socket joint that relies on the structural integrity of the glenoid labrum and accompanying shoulder ligaments and rotator cuff muscles to function.
Acute trauma may result in bony, labral, ligam...
Article
Shoulder dislocation (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Shoulder dislocation is defined as the humeral head moving out of the glenoid fossa. It is almost always traumatic in etiology.
Reference article
This is a summary article. For more information, you can read a more in-dep...
Article
Muscles of the shoulder
Muscles of the shoulder can be subdivided into a variety of groups depending on origin, topography, function or innervation. The system used here groups the muscles based on their function and topography (which are closely related in the upper limb):
Muscles of the shoulder girdle
Muscles that...
Article
Shoulder impingement
Shoulder impingement describes conditions characterized by the entrapment of musculoskeletal soft tissue within the shoulder, primarily resulting in pain.
Clinical presentation
The following clinical examination manoeuvers may be helpful in diagnosing shoulder impingement:
Neer impingement t...
Article
Pseudodislocation of the shoulder
Pseudodislocation of the shoulder results from an occult fracture with distension of the glenohumeral joint due to hemarthrosis that causes inferior displacement of the humeral head compared to the glenoid.
This may be mistaken for shoulder joint dislocation. Often, attempts are made to "reloca...
Article
Shoulder bursae
Shoulder bursae refer to sacs surrounding the shoulder joint that are filled with synovial fluid. As with bursae in general, they facilitate movement and reduce friction at tendon-tendon and tendon-bone interfaces.
There are five main bursae around the shoulder. They include:
subacromial-subd...
Article
Shoulder ligaments
There are many shoulder ligaments which each play an important role in shoulder joint stabilization to various degrees:
glenohumeral ligaments: superior, middle and inferior ligaments, connect the glenoid to the anatomical neck of the humerus and play an important role in the stabilization of t...
Article
J sign (shoulder)
The J sign refers to the appearance of the inferior glenohumeral ligament in the presence of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL lesion) as well as in the less common glenoid avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (GAGL lesion).
Radiographic features
MRI
The normal U-shaped inf...
Article
Anterior shoulder dislocation
Anterior shoulder dislocation is by far the commonest type of dislocation and usually results from forced abduction, external rotation and extension 1.
Epidemiology
Broadly speaking, anterior shoulder dislocations occur in a bimodal age distribution. The first, and by far the more prevalent a...
Article
Inferior shoulder dislocation
An inferior shoulder dislocation is the least common form of shoulder dislocation. The condition is also called luxatio erecta because the arm appears to be permanently held upward, in fixed abduction. The patient will often present with their hand placed on the head or near it.
Pathology
It i...
Article
Posterior shoulder dislocation
Posterior shoulder dislocations are far less common than anterior shoulder dislocations and can be difficult to identify if only AP projections are obtained. A high index of suspicion is helpful.
Epidemiology
Posterior shoulder dislocations account for only 2-4% of all shoulder dislocations (t...
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