Items tagged “cases”
5,504 results found
Article
Breast cancer (staging)
Breast cancer staging refers to TNM classification of breast carcinomas. The system applies to epithelial malignancies and does not apply to breast sarcomas, phyllodes tumor, or breast lymphomas. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on C...
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Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an autosomal dominant microvasculopathy characterized by recurrent lacunar and subcortical white matter ischemic strokes and vascular dementia in young and middle age patients without known va...
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CHARGE syndrome
CHARGE syndrome is a phenotype associated with CHD7 gene mutation originally defined by a constellation of congenital anomalies:
C: coloboma
H: heart defects
A: atresia choanae
R: retarded growth and development
G: genital hypoplasia
E: ear abnormalities and/or deafness
According to updat...
Article
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome (also known as limited systemic sclerosis or limited scleroderma) is a variant of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and stands for
C - calcinosis
R - Raynaud phenomenon
E - oesophageal dysmotility
S - sclerodactyly
T - telangiectasia
See also
systemic sclerosis
Article
Caplan syndrome
Caplan syndrome, also known as rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, is the combination of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and a characteristic pattern of fibrosis.
Although first described in coal miners (coal workers' pneumoconiosis), it has subsequently been found in patients with a variety of pneumo...
Article
Carney triad
Carney triad is a rare syndrome defined by the coexistence of three tumors:
extra-adrenal paraganglioma
initially, only functioning extra-adrenal paragangliomas were included, but subsequent work includes non-functioning extra-adrenal paragangliomas 1
gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (...
Article
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a rare condition, most commonly infectious in nature, and the diagnosis on imaging is not always straightforward. It has high mortality and morbidity rates.
Epidemiology
Cavernous sinus thrombosis is rare, with ~4.5 cases per 1,000,000 per year 5. It is the ...
Article
Cementoblastoma
Cementoblastomas are one of many mandibular lesions. It is a rare tumor of the cementum, with only approximately 100 cases reported. The key to diagnosis, both radiologically and histologically, is an attachment to the tooth root.
Terminology
Cementoblastomas have been previously described in...
Article
Central bronchiectasis
Distribution of bronchiectasis can help in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Central bronchiectasis is typically seen in:
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
congenital tracheobronchomegaly (also known as Mounier Kuhn syndrome)
cystic fibrosis
Williams Campbell syndrome (rare)...
Article
Central giant cell lesions (granuloma)
Central giant cell lesions (granulomas), also known as giant cell reparative cysts/granulomas, occurs almost exclusively in the mandible, although cases in the skull and maxilla have been reported.
Epidemiology
It is most frequently seen in young women (F:M 2:1) 5 and typically presents in the...
Article
Cervical ectopic pregnancy
Cervical ectopic pregnancy is a rare subtype of ectopic pregnancy, in which a gestational sac is seen at the endocervical canal below the closed internal os.
Epidemiology
It accounts for ~0.15-1% of all ectopic pregnancies.
Pathology
Implantation of the fertilized ovum occurs within the cer...
Article
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (staging)
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (also known as cervical dysplasia) is the potentailly premalignant stage in the dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium of the cervix.
Grading of CIN is based on the degree of dysplasia seen in a sample of cervical tissue:
CIN I
similar to condy...
Article
Chemotherapy induced cholangitis
Chemotherapy induced cholangitis is caused when intra-arterial chemotherapy is introduced to treat liver metastases. This causes strictures of the common hepatic duct and main ducts, but spares distal and proximal (i.e. common bile duct and intrahepatic ducts).
Radiographic features
similar t...
Article
Modified Outerbridge grading of chondromalacia
The modified Outerbridge grading of chondromalacia is divided into four grades by MRI, typically using fat-saturated proton density sequences. This grading system was originally devised for arthroscopy initially for assessment of chondromalacia patellae, but then modified and extended for all ch...
Article
Choristoma
A choristoma is simply a collection of microscopically normal cells or tissues in an abnormal location. This is different to a hamartoma which is derived only from local tissues.
Examples include:
adrenal choristoma (myelolipoma)
nasopharyngeal choristoma
facial nerve choristoma
op...
Article
Chronic bilateral airspace opacification (differential)
Chronic bilateral airspace opacification is a subset of the differential diagnosis for airspace opacification. An exhaustive list of all possible causes of chronic bilateral airspace opacities is long, but a useful framework is as follows:
inflammatory
sarcoidosis
granulomatosis with polyangi...
Article
Chronic unilateral airspace opacification (differential)
Chronic unilateral airspace opacification is a subset of the differential diagnoses for airspace opacification. An exhaustive list of all possible causes of chronic unilateral airspace opacities is long, but a useful framework is as follows:
neoplastic
post obstructive
lymphoma
lymphocytic ...
Article
Clinically isolated syndrome
Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is the first episode suggestive of demyelination 1,2. It can either be monofocal (single lesion) or multifocal 1,2. Not all patients with CIS will go on to develop multiple sclerosis however if at presentation there are changes on MRI suggestive of MS, then the...
Article
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis
Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) is an occupational disease (type of pneumoconiosis) caused by exposure to coal dust free of silica (washed coal). Histologically, coal workers' pneumoconiosis is classified according to disease severity into simple (presence of coal macules) and complicated (wi...
Article
Colorectal cancer (staging)
Colorectal carcinoma staging can be performed using two systems. The traditional Dukes staging system has largely been replaced by the TNM system but is nonetheless often used clinically.
Staging
Dukes (Astler-Coller modification)
stage A: confined to mucosa
stage B: through muscularis propr...