Items tagged “pleura”
16 results found
Article
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusions are abnormal accumulations of fluid within the pleural space. They may result from a variety of pathological processes which overwhelm the pleura's ability to reabsorb fluid.
Terminology
"Pleural effusion" is commonly used as a catch-all term to describe any abnormal accumula...
Article
Pleural empyema
Pleural empyema refers to a collection of pus in the pleural cavity which may contain gas locules. Empyema is usually unilateral and most often occurs as a complication of pneumonia or perforated esophagus. The thickened pleura demonstrates contrast enhancement and the visceral and parietal comp...
Article
Clagett thoracotomy
A Clagett thoracotomy is a three stage procedure performed for treatment severe empyema and involves the resection of a posterolateral lower rib and the formation of an open window in the lateral aspect of the chest to allow continuous drainage and irrigation of the cavity with antibiotic soluti...
Article
Empyema vs pulmonary abscess
Distinguishing between an empyema and a peripherally located pulmonary abscess is essential.
A pulmonary abscess is usually managed with prolonged antibiotics and physiotherapy with postural drainage, whereas an empyema usually requires percutaneous or surgical drainage.
Radiographic features
...
Article
Split pleura sign (empyema)
The split pleura sign is seen with pleural empyemas and is considered the most reliable CT sign helping to distinguish an empyema from a peripheral pulmonary abscess (see empyema vs pulmonary abscess) 1,2.
The sign results from fibrin coating both the parietal and visceral surfaces of the pleu...
Article
Large unilateral pleural effusion
When a pleural effusion is large and unilateral, concern for an underlying abnormality should be raised. Causes include:
tumor
bronchogenic carcinoma
mesothelioma
pleural metastases
lymphoma
pleural lymphoma
primary effusion lymphoma
infection
parapneumonic effusion
empyema
extension ...
Article
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is an aggressive malignant tumor of the mesothelium. Most tumors arise from the pleura, and so this article will focus on pleural mesothelioma.
Given the presence of the mesothelium in different parts of the body, mesothelioma can arise in var...
Article
Localized mediastinal malignant mesothelioma
A localized (solitary) mediastinal malignant mesothelioma is a rare variant of malignant pleural mesothelioma and is thought to arise from mesothelial cells of the pericardium.
There are too few report cases to be dogmatic in regards to epidemiological or radiographic features.
Differential di...
Article
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (TNM staging)
Below is the eighth edition of the TNM staging system for malignant pleural mesothelioma, which was published in 2018 1.
T - Tumor
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
T1
involving ipsilateral parietal pleura (inc. mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura) +/- v...
Article
Malignant pleural disease
Malignant pleural disease usually heralds a poor prognosis, whether it represents a primary pleural malignancy or metastatic involvement.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation is variable. Patients may be asymptomatic or have pleuritic pain. If associated with a sizable pleural effusion...
Article
Pleural plaque
Pleural plaques are the most common manifestation of asbestos-related disease and can be identified with a very high degree of specificity with CT.
Epidemiology
Pleural plaques are strongly associated with inhalational exposure to asbestos. There is an extremely long latency (typically 20 to 3...
Article
Hairy pleural plaque
Hairy pleural plaques are a manifestation of asbestos-related disease. They arise from the visceral pleura, typically from an interlobar fissure. The hairiness stems from short radially-oriented linear regions of fibrosis extending from the plaque into the adjacent lung parenchyma.
Compared to ...
Article
Nodular pleural thickening
Nodular pleural thickening is a form of pleural thickening.
Pathology
Etiology
Most common causes of nodular pleural thickening are malignant and include:
metastatic pleural disease, particularly from adenocarcinomas, e.g.
bronchogenic adenocarcinoma
breast cancer
ovarian cancer
prostate...
Article
Single pleural based mass (differential)
The differential for a single pleural mass is essentially the same as that for multiple pleural masses with the addition of a few entities.
tumors
pleural tumors
solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (pleural fibroma)
mesothelioma
localized mediastinal malignant mesothelioma...
Article
Holly leaf sign
The holly leaf sign refers to the appearance of pleural plaques on chest radiographs. Their irregular thickened nodular edges are likened to the appearance of a holly leaf.
Article
Lung fissures
Lung fissures are double-folds of visceral pleura that either completely or incompletely invaginate lung parenchyma to form the lung lobes.
Each lung has an oblique fissure separating the upper lobes from the lower lobes and the right lung has a horizontal fissure that separates the right uppe...
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