Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
803 results found
Article
Left heart failure
Left heart failure or left ventricular failure is the type of heart failure attributed to left ventricular dysfunction. When the left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively out of the heart, pulmonary edema develops. Congestion can progress to right heart failure, with manifestations such...
Article
Acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of cardiac diagnoses along a spectrum of severity due to the interruption of coronary blood flow to the myocardium, which in decreasing severity are:
ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
unstable an...
Article
Ectopia cordis
Ectopia cordis is an extremely rare congenital malformation where the heart is located partially or totally outside the thoracic cavity. The four main ectopic positions are:
adjacent to the thorax: ~60%
abdominal: 15-30%
thoracoabdominal: 7-18%
cervical: ~3%
Epidemiology
The incidence is ...
Article
Ventricular fibrillation
The diagnosis of ventricular fibrillation (VF) refers to a cardiac arrhythmia in which disorganized electrical activity within the heart causes uncoordinated contraction of the ventricular myocardium. The heart is subsequently unable to pump blood normally to the body, leading to cardiac arrest....
Article
Patent ductus arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus or arteriosum (PDA) is a congenital cardiac anomaly where there is persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus, a normal connection of the fetal circulation between the aorta and the pulmonary arterial system that develops from the 6th aortic arch.
Epidemiology
Patent ...
Article
Inflammatory cardiomyopathy
Inflammatory cardiomyopathy (ICM) refers to inflammation of the myocardium in association with cardiac dysfunction and cardiac remodeling and includes different etiological subtypes 1-4. A persistent or chronic inflammatory process is referred to as chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy 1-5.
Diag...
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Truncus arteriosus
Truncus arteriosus is a cyanotic congenital heart anomaly in which a single trunk supplies both the pulmonary and systemic circulation, instead of a separate aorta and a pulmonary trunk. It is usually classified as a conotruncal anomaly.
It accounts for up to 2% of congenital cardiac anomalies ...
Article
Heart
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ of the middle mediastinum, designed to pump oxygenated blood around the systemic circulation and deoxygenated blood around the pulmonary circulation.
Gross anatomy
The heart has a somewhat pyramidal form and is enclosed by the pericardium. Its base (roughl...
Article
Cardiac venous malformations
Cardiac venous malformations (also known as cardiac hemangiomas) consists of a slow flow venous malformation and is composed of numerous non-neoplastic endothelial-lined thin-walled channels with interspersed fat and fibrous septae.
Terminology
It is important to note that according to the ISS...
Article
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) refers to simultaneous biventricular or multisite pacing of the heart with a specialized biventricular cardiac pacemaker (CRT-P) with or without an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (CRT-D) and is a treatment option in moderate to severe heart failure...
Article
Hunter syndrome
Hunter syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare genetic mucopolysaccharidosis disorder characterized by specific clinical features 1.
Epidemiology
Hunter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease and therefore much more common in males. It is a rare disorder wit...
Article
Pericardial agenesis
Pericardial agenesis is a rare condition where there is the absence of the pericardium to varying degrees. If it is only a small portion of the pericardium that is absent it is known as a pericardial defect.
Epidemiology
According to a surgical and pathological series, the prevalence (inclusiv...
Article
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) refers to significant systolic dysfunction with a moderate to severely impaired left ventricular ejection fraction as a consequence of myocardial ischemia and/or myocardial infarction. The condition is not listed or classified as cardiomyopathy in the position state...
Article
Mitral annular plane systolic excursion
Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) refers to the displacement of the mitral valvular plane in the z-direction and reflects left ventricular longitudinal contraction or shortening, which has been attributed to account for about 60% of the stroke volume 1.
Terminology
Mitral annular...
Article
Left atrial diverticulum
A left atrial diverticulum (LAD) refers to a pouch-like structure with a saclike shape with a broad-based ostium and a smooth contour to its body. They are considered an anatomical variant.
Complications
some suggest that there may be a possible latent relationship between LA diverticulum and...
Article
Cardiac conduction device lead dislodgement
Lead dislodgement, also known as twiddler syndrome, is a complication of implanted cardiac conduction devices due to patient manipulation of the pulse generator, typically diagnosed on plain chest radiograph.
A variation of this complication can also occur with implantable ports, deep brain sti...
Article
Cardiac sclerosis
Cardiac sclerosis or cardiac cirrhosis is the end-point of passive hepatic congestion from heart failure.
Pathology
Etiology
Causes of cardiac cirrhosis include 1:
ischemic heart disease: ~30%
cardiomyopathy: ~25%
valvular heart disease: ~25%
restrictive lung disease: ~15%
pericardial d...
Article
Coronary microvascular dysfunction
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) or coronary microvascular disease refers to a wide spectrum of clinical situations with an impairment of the coronary microcirculation and myocardial blood flow in subjects with respective risk factors. It can contribute to or induce myocardial ischemia. ...
Article
Mitral annular calcification
Mitral annular calcification refers to the deposition of calcium (along with lipid) in the annular fibrosa of the mitral valve.
Epidemiology
Annular calcification is seen in up to 35% of elderly patients. It is common in females over 65 years, in those with myxomatous degeneration of the mitra...
Article
Papillary muscle rupture
Papillary muscle rupture (PMR) is a dangerous complication that can evolve as a consequence of myocardial infarction or infective endocarditis leading to severe acute mitral or tricuspid regurgitation leading to left or right-sided heart failure.
Epidemiology
Papillary muscle rupture is rare a...
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