Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,125 results found
Article
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a form of chemotherapy used for the treatment of peritoneal malignancy.
It usually involves the instillation of heated chemotherapy agents (approximately 41–43°C) directly into the abdominopelvic cavity immediately after surgery. It delivers...
Article
Adenocarcinoma (urinary bladder)
Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is rare and accounts for only ~1% of all bladder cancers (90% are transitional cell carcinomas).
Pathology
Metaplasia of urinary bladder induced by chronic irritation or infection can lead to adenocarcinoma. Pathological types of adenocarcinoma of the urin...
Article
Solid periosteal reaction
Solid periosteal pattern is thought to evolve from single layer and multilayered periosteal reactions, forming a solid layer of mature new bone adjacent to the cortex. It denotes a longstanding pathological process.
Differential diagnosis
osteoid osteoma
osteomyelitis
osteosarcoma
chondrosa...
Article
Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma
Pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas are rare exocrine neoplasms that comprise ~1% of all pancreatic tumors. This tumor shows more aggressive behavior than the far more common adenocarcinoma 1,3,4.
Epidemiology
This tumor is most common in pediatric (8-15 years) and adult (60 years) populations. ...
Article
Bone marrow
Bone marrow is ubiquitous throughout the skeleton, primarily composed of hematopoietic cells and fat cells between bony trabeculae and fibrous retinacula. It performs numerous physiological functions and dynamically changes during normal aging and in response to stressors and pathology. Although...
Article
Pancreatic mesenchymal neoplasms
Pancreatic mesenchymal neoplasms, or pancreatic nonepithelial neoplasms, are a group of rare pancreatic neoplasms that arise from the structural elements of the pancreas (nerves, fat, lymph), rather than from the exocrine or endocrine cells of the pancreas. Neoplasms from exocrine and endocrine ...
Article
Inflammatory leiomyosarcoma
Inflammatory leiomyosarcomas are malignant tumors with smooth muscle differentiation and a prominent inflammatory infiltrate that were recognized as a distinct entity by the WHO in 2020 1-3.
Epidemiology
Inflammatory leiomyosarcomas are very rare lesions with most cases seen in adults with a p...
Article
Terminal ileitis (differential)
The differential diagnosis for a terminal ileitis is quite extensive, and includes:
inflammatory bowel disease
Crohn disease (most common)
backwash ileitis due to ulcerative colitis
infectious colitis
Yersinia spp.
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Salmonella spp.
Sa...
Article
Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma
The Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma classes tumors of the gastro-esophageal junction according to the relationship between the epicenter of the tumor and the gastro-esophageal junction 1. The classification system was initially proposed by Siewert et al in 1996, becomin...
Article
Whitmore-Jewett staging system (historical)
The Whitmore-Jewett staging system (also known as the Jewett staging system or ABCD system) is a superseded staging system for prostate cancer. It was developed by the American Urological Association (AUA). Most societies (including AUA) and clinicians now advocate and use the TNM staging system...
Article
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence
The adenoma-carcinoma sequence refers to a stepwise pattern of mutational activation of oncogenes (e.g. K-ras) and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (e.g. p53) that results in cancer. An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, these are often mutated or ex...
Article
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure where a flexible feeding tube (commonly known as a PEG tube) is inserted through the abdominal wall and into the stomach via endoscopy. Alternatively a tube can be placed under radiological guidance, known as a radiologically inserted gast...
Article
Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG)
A Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG), or percutaneous radiological gastrostomy (RPG), is a procedure where a gastrostomy tube is inserted percutaneously into the stomach under fluoroscopic guidance, principally to provide nutritional support for patients with swallowing disorders 1. Gastr...
Article
Neonatal neuroblastoma
Neonatal neuroblastoma is a type of congenital neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumor arising from the sympathetic nervous system. In the majority of cases (45%), the tumor is localized in the adrenal gland.
Epidemiology
Neonatal neuroblastoma accounts for less than 5% of all cases and carries a f...
Article
Neuroblastoma (staging)
There are two methods of neuroblastoma staging; the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS, based on imaging of pre-treatment patients), and the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS, based on the outcomes of surgery).
International Neuroblastoma Risk Group St...
Article
Cystic lesions of the pancreas (differential)
The differential for cystic lesions of the pancreas includes:
unilocular
pancreatic pseudocyst
intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
serous cystadenoma uncommonly uni/macrolocular
simple pancreatic cyst
cystic neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas
diffuse pancreatic cysts
pancrea...
Article
Linitis plastica
Linitis plastica is a descriptive term usually referring to the appearance of the stomach, although the rectum can also be described this way. The appearance is said to be reminiscent of an old leather water bottle.
Pathology
The underlying cause is usually a scirrhous adenocarcinoma with diff...
Article
Gallbladder lymphoma
Gallbladder lymphoma is exceedingly rare and presents diagnostic challenges due to its imaging characteristics often resembling those of gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
Epidemiology
Primary lymphomas of the gallbladder are extremely rare, accounting for approximately 0.1-0.2% of all malignant tumo...
Article
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate or colloid adenocarcinomas of the prostate are a variant of acinar adenocarcinoma and characterized by mucinous features.
Epidemiology
Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate are rare and account for less than 0.5% of prostate cancers 1-4.
Diagnosis
...
Article
Iannetti classification of orbital invasion
The Iannetti classification grades orbital invasion by sinonasal tumors.
Usage
There is no universally accepted classification system (c.2021) for assessing orbital invasion by sinonasal tumors and other grading systems, including those proposed by McCary et al. and Neel et al. 2.
Classificat...
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