Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
749 results found
Article
Cerebral cortical restricted diffusion
Cerebral cortical restricted diffusion, also known as gyriform restricted diffusion, cortical ribboning or cortical ribbon sign, refers to curvilinear hyperintense signal involving the cerebral cortex on DWI images with a corresponding low signal on ADC images.
Causes include the following diso...
Article
Bowel wall calcification
Bowel wall calcification is not common and can occur secondary to various mechanisms due to benign, premalignant, or malignant lesions.
The differential diagnoses include:
mucinous adenocarcinoma
gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
metastatic calcification - due to renal failure
hemangio...
Article
Bowel wall fat deposition
Bowel wall fat deposition refers to the infiltration of the submucosa with fat and usually occurs in chronic processes such as inflammatory bowel disease, causing characteristic fat halo sign on CT images.
Other differential diagnoses include:
normal variant - particularly in obese patients w...
Article
Central scar in hepatic lesions
The central scar in hepatic lesions most frequently has been described in focal nodular hyperplasia which the scar is T2 hyperintense and usually non-calcified, and fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, where the scar is T2 hypointense and often calcified. Scars do not have to be exactly centr...
Article
Decreased duodenal folds
Decreased duodenal folds may be seen on imaging modalities, particularly MR enterography, and differential diagnoses include:
scleroderma - usually with duodenal dilatation
celiac disease - particularly involves the distal duodenum and jejunum
Crohn disease
cystic fibrosis
amyloidosis
Article
Vulval neoplasms
Vulval neoplasms are rare and mostly seen in elderly female patients. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignancy of the vulva and only 30% of them are associated with oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs).
Pathology
Squamous neoplastic lesions
Premalignant
classic vulvar...
Article
Discrete colonic ulceration
Discrete colonic ulcerations are nonspecific findings, and can be due to:
Crohn disease
infective colitis
Yersinia entercolitis
shigellosis
tuberculosis
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
amoebic colitis
vasculitic colitis
Behcet disease
Article
Calcified pulmonary nodules
Calcified pulmonary nodules are a subset of hyperdense pulmonary nodules and a group of nodules with a relatively narrow differential.
Pathology
Etiology
The most common cause of nodule calcification is granuloma formation, usually in the response to healed infection.
healed infection
cal...
Article
Foot pain
Foot pain is a very common symptom. The differential diagnosis depends mainly on age, weight, level of physical activity, and the exact location of the pain.
As neoplastic lesions are ubiquitary, they will not be added to the sections below.
Hindfoot pain
inferior heel pain
trauma and bone b...
Article
Polyostotic bone lesions in adults
Common causes of polyostotic bone lesions in adults include:
inflammatory
arthritic or synovial-based lesions
neoplastic
benign
non-ossifying fibromas (fibroxanthomas)
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (McCune-Albright syndrome)
malignant
multiple myeloma
metastases
metabolic
primary hype...
Article
Cartilaginous lesions
The differential for cartilaginous lesions includes:
osteochondroma
enchondroma
juxtacortical chondroma
chondromyxoid fibroma
chondroblastoma
chondrosarcoma
See also
fibrous lesions
osteoid lesions
Article
Twin pregnancy
Twin pregnancies are the most common multifetal pregnancies.
Epidemiology
Multifetal pregnancies account for ~1% of all pregnancies but are seen in much higher numbers in populations where in vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a common practice.
Classification
A twin pregnancy can be broadly cate...
Article
Pediatric bone metastases (differential)
There are a wide range of primary malignancies that result in pediatric bone metastases 1:
neuroblastoma
leukemia: although not truly metastases
lymphoma
clear cell sarcoma: Wilms’ variant
rhabdomyosarcoma
retinoblastoma
Ewing sarcoma: lung metastases much more common
osteosarcoma: lung ...
Article
Pancreatic neoplasms
There are numerous primary pancreatic neoplasms, in part due to the mixed endocrine and exocrine components.
Classification
Classification based on function
exocrine: ~99% of all primary pancreatic neoplasms
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (commonly known as pancreatic cancer) 90-95%
acin...
Article
Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis
Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. It is a term used to distinguish atelectasis identified on imaging based on the underlying pathophysiology to guide diagnosis.
Clinical presentation
The ...
Article
Syndactyly
Syndactyly (plural: syndactylies) refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (soft tissue syndactyly / simple syndactyly) or may involve bone (bony syndactyly / complex syndactyly).
Epidemiology
The overall estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2500 to 50...
Article
Leave alone lesions - paranasal sinuses
Leave alone lesions are findings that are usually discovered incidentally and do not require any specific treatment or follow-up if the patient is asymptomatic.
This article includes findings from paranasal sinus CT and MRI studies.
physiological process
nasal cycle
anatomical variants
conc...
Article
Complications of cranial radiotherapy
Complications of cranial radiation therapy are fairly common, particularly in long-term survivors, and especially in pediatric patients.
Cranial radiotherapy is used for a variety of brain tumors, either in isolation or in combination with concurrent chemotherapy. Complications from irradiation...
Article
Small lung volume (differential diagnosis)
The following differential diagnoses can be considered when small lung volumes are seen:
pulmonary fibrosis
prior surgery, e.g. lobectomy, lung volume reduction surgery
pleural disease, e.g. pleural thickening
skeletal deformities, e.g. kyphosis, scoliosis
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)...
Article
Intra-abdominal calcification (neonatal)
Intra-abdominal calcification in a neonate can be caused by a number of pathologies that cause calcification within the peritoneal space or within organs.
Pathology
Etiology
Meconium peritonitis
The commonest cause is meconium peritonitis which is the result of aseptic peritonitis secondary ...
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