Stroke
Last revised by Frank Gaillard on 26 Apr 2023
Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
Citation:
Gaillard F, Sharma R, Abed Al Aal A, et al. Stroke. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 24 Apr 2024) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-7975
rID:
7975
Article created:
Disclosures:
At the time the article was created Frank Gaillard had no recorded disclosures.
View Frank Gaillard's current disclosures
Last revised:
Disclosures:
At the time the article was last revised Frank Gaillard had the following disclosures:
- Biogen Australia Pty Ltd, Investigator-Initiated Research Grant for CAD software in multiple sclerosis: finished Oct 2021 (past)
These were assessed during peer review and were determined to not be relevant to the changes that were made.
View Frank Gaillard's current disclosures
Revisions:
21 times, by
15 contributors -
see full revision history and disclosures
Systems:
Synonyms:
- CVA
- Cerebrovascular accident
- Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
- Cerebrovascular event
- Cerebrovascular events
- Cerebrovascular accidents
A stroke is a clinical diagnosis that refers to a sudden onset focal neurological deficit of presumed vascular origin.
Stroke is generally divided into two broad categories 1,2:
- ischemic stroke (87%)
- hemorrhagic stroke (13%)
Terminology
The term "stroke" is ambiguous and care must be taken to ensure that precise terminology is used. This is particularly the case for "hemorrhagic stroke" which although is often used synonymously with intracerebral hemorrhage, has a broader definition to many authors and organizations to also include subarachnoid hemorrhage 1. Additionally, "hemorrhagic stroke" can easily be confused with "hemorrhagic transformation of an ischemic stroke". An argument has been made to abandon the term "hemorrhagic stroke" entirely 3.
Quiz questions
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References
- 1. Sacco R, Kasner S, Broderick J et al. An Updated Definition of Stroke for the 21st Century. Stroke. 2013;44(7):2064-89. doi:10.1161/str.0b013e318296aeca - Pubmed
- 2. Benjamin E, Virani S, Callaway C et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137(12):e67-e492. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558 - Pubmed
- 3. Aftab M, Salman M. Time to Discontinue Use of the Term “Hemorrhagic Stroke”. (2019) American Journal of Neuroradiology. 40 (11): 1893. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A6240 - Pubmed
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Articles:
- Broca's area
- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
- Cricopharyngeal muscle spasm
- Fusiform intracranial aneurysm
- Facial palsy
- Brain metastases
- Moyamoya disease
- COVID-19
- Vagal nerve stimulator
- Paravalvular leak
- Acute stroke symptoms (mnemonic)
- Ischaemic stroke
- Déjerine-Roussy syndrome
- Intracerebral haemorrhage
- Parkinson disease
- Denver criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury
- Ophthalmoplegia
- Mathew stroke scale
- Chiari network
- Acute basilar artery occlusion
Cases:
- Cerebral air embolism
- Posterior cerebral artery infarct
- Atrial septal aneurysm
- Cerebral venous infarction
- Pericallosal ACA infarction
- PCA infarction
- Acute bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion
- Bilateral ACA infarction due to azygos ACA embolism
- Bilateral ACA infarction
- Venous infarct due to superior sagittal sinus and superior cortical vein thrombosis
- ACA orbitofrontal infarct post DSA
- Late hyperacute ischaemic stroke
- Stroke - subtle
- Acute MCA stroke
- Right insular cortex infarct
- Post ischaemic stroke - spasticity vs dystonia
- Brain metastasis and subacute hippocampal infarction
- Acute brain infarction
- Left atrial thrombus resulting in stroke
- Hyperdense MCA sign
Multiple choice questions:
Related articles: Stroke and intracranial haemorrhage
-
stroke and intracranial hemorrhage
- general articles
-
ischemic stroke
- general discussions
- scoring and classification systems
- Alberta stroke program early CT score (ASPECTS)
- ASCOD classification
- Canadian Neurological Scale
- Heidelberg bleeding classification
- NIH Stroke Scale
- Mathew stroke scale
- modified Rankin scale
- Orgogozo Stroke Scale
- Scandinavian Stroke Scale
- thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scale
- TOAST classification
- collateral vessel scores
- signs
- by region
- hemispheric infarcts
- frontal lobe infarct
- parietal lobe infarct
- temporal lobe infarct
- occipital lobe infarct
- alexia without agraphia syndrome: PCA
- cortical blindness syndrome (Anton syndrome): top of basilar or bilateral PCA
- Balint syndrome: bilateral PCA
- lacunar infarct
-
thalamic infarct
- artery of Percheron infarct
- Déjerine-Roussy syndrome (thalamic pain syndrome): thalamoperforators of PCA
- top of the basilar syndrome
- striatocapsular infarct
- cerebellar infarct
-
brainstem infarct
- midbrain infarct
- Benedikt syndrome: PCA
- Claude syndrome: PCA
- Nothnagel syndrome: PCA
- Weber syndrome: PCA
- Wernekink commissure syndrome
- pontine infarct
- Brissaud-Sicard syndrome
- facial colliculus syndrome
- Gasperini syndrome: basilar artery or AICA
- inferior medial pontine syndrome (Foville syndrome): basilar artery
- lateral pontine syndrome (Marie-Foix syndrome): basilar artery or AICA
- locked-in syndrome: basilar artery
- Millard-Gubler syndrome: basilar artery
- Raymond syndrome: basilar artery
- medullary infarct
- Babinski-Nageotte syndrome
- Cestan-Chenais syndrome
- hemimedullary syndrome (Reinhold syndrome)
- lateral medullary stroke syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)
- medial medullary syndrome (Déjerine syndrome)
- Opalski syndrome
- midbrain infarct
- acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome
- hemispheric infarcts
- by vascular territory
- by vessel size
- treatment options
- complications
-
intracranial hemorrhage
-
intra-axial hemorrhage
- signs and formulas
- ABC/2 (volume estimation)
- black hole sign
- blend sign
- cashew nut sign
- CTA spot sign
- island sign
- satellite sign
- swirl sign
- zebra sign
- by type
- by location
- signs and formulas
- extra-axial hemorrhage
-
intra-axial hemorrhage