Ankle fractures
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Updates to Synonym Attributes
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Ankle fractures account for 9% of fractures encountered in trauma, preceded only by proximal femoral fractures in the lower limb1. They have a bimodal presentation, involving young males and older females2.
Ankle injuries play a major part in post multi trauma functional impairment thereby necessitating a detailed evaluation.
Classification
The first classification system was proposed by Percival Pott3, describing fractures in terms of malleoli involved: unimalleolar, bimalleolar and trimalleolar. Despite its ease to identify fractures and decreased inter/intra observer variability, it has been superseded by two systems of classification which takes into consideration the rotational mechanism of injury and the stability of the fracture. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Radiographic features
An approach to reading ankle radiograph can be read here.
Treatment and prognosis
Results following anatomic reduction of a displaced ankle fracture are good. Post traumatic arthritis has been reported in 14% of patients despite an anatomic reduction, likely due to chondral injury6.
-<a title="The Lauge-Hansen classification of ankle injury" href="/articles/lauge-hansen-classification-of-ankle-injury">Lauge-Hansen classification</a><sup>4</sup>- +<a href="/articles/lauge-hansen-classification-of-ankle-injury">Lauge-Hansen classification</a><sup>4</sup>
-<a title="Danis-Weber classification" href="/articles/weber-ankle-fracture-classification">Danis-Weber classification</a><sup>5</sup>- +<a href="/articles/weber-classification-of-ankle-fractures">Danis-Weber classification</a><sup>5</sup>
-</ul><h6>Radiographic features</h6><p>An <a title="Ankle radiograph (an approach)" href="/articles/ankle-radiograph-an-approach">approach to reading ankle radiograph</a> can be read here.</p><h6>Treatment and prognosis</h6><p>Results following anatomic reduction of a displaced ankle fracture are good. Post traumatic arthritis has been reported in 14% of patients despite an anatomic reduction, likely due to chondral injury<sup>6</sup>. </p><p> </p><p> </p><h6> </h6><p> </p>- +</ul><h6>Radiographic features</h6><p>An <a href="/articles/ankle-radiograph-an-approach">approach to reading ankle radiograph</a> can be read here.</p><h6>Treatment and prognosis</h6><p>Results following anatomic reduction of a displaced ankle fracture are good. Post traumatic arthritis has been reported in 14% of patients despite an anatomic reduction, likely due to chondral injury<sup>6</sup>. </p><p> </p><p> </p><h6> </h6><p> </p>
References changed:
- 3. Pott P. Some Few General Remarks on Fractures and Dislocations. 1758. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;458:40-1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/BLO.0b013e31803dd063">doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e31803dd063</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473597">Pubmed</a>
- 3. Pott P. Some Few General Remarks on Fractures and Dislocations. 1758. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;458:40-1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/BLO.0b013e31803dd063">doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e31803dd063</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473597">Pubmed</a>
- 1. Court-Brown C & Caesar B. Epidemiology of Adult Fractures: A Review. Injury. 2006;37(8):691-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.130">doi:10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.130</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814787">Pubmed</a>
- 1. Court-Brown C & Caesar B. Epidemiology of Adult Fractures: A Review. Injury. 2006;37(8):691-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.130">doi:10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.130</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16814787">Pubmed</a>
- 7. Lindsjö U. Operative Treatment of Ankle Fracture-Dislocations. A Follow-Up Study of 306/321 Consecutive Cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;(199):28-38. - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3930122">Pubmed</a>
- 7. Lindsjö U. Operative Treatment of Ankle Fracture-Dislocations. A Follow-Up Study of 306/321 Consecutive Cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;(199):28-38. - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3930122">Pubmed</a>
- 4. Lauge-Hansen N. Fractures of the Ankle. II. Combined Experimental-Surgical and Experimental-Roentgenologic Investigations. Arch Surg. 1950;60(5):957-85. - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15411319">Pubmed</a>
- 4. Lauge-Hansen N. Fractures of the Ankle. II. Combined Experimental-Surgical and Experimental-Roentgenologic Investigations. Arch Surg. 1950;60(5):957-85. - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15411319">Pubmed</a>
- 5. Bernhard Georg Weber. Die Verletzungen Des Oberen Sprunggelenkes. (1972) ISBN: 9783456002071 - <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9783456002071">Google Books</a>
- 2. Court-Brown C, McBirnie J, Wilson G. Adult Ankle Fractures--An Increasing Problem? Acta Orthop Scand. 1998;69(1):43-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3109/17453679809002355">doi:10.3109/17453679809002355</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9524517">Pubmed</a>
- 2. Court-Brown C, McBirnie J, Wilson G. Adult Ankle Fractures--An Increasing Problem? Acta Orthop Scand. 1998;69(1):43-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3109/17453679809002355">doi:10.3109/17453679809002355</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9524517">Pubmed</a>
- 3. Pott P. Some few general remarks on fractures and dislocations: 1758. Clin Orthop 2007;458:40-1.
- 1. Court-Brown CM, Caesar B. Epidemiology of adult fractures: a review. Injury 2006;37:691-7.
- 6. Lindsjö U. Operative treatment of ankle fracture-dislocations: a follow-up study of 306/321 consecutive cases. Clin Orthop 1985;199:28-8.
- 4. Lauge-Hansen N. Fractures of the ankle: II: combined experimental-surgical and experimental-roentgenologic investigations. Arch Surg 1950;60:957-85.
- 2. Court-Brown C, McBirnie J, Wilson G. Adult ankle fractures: an increasing problem? Acta Orthop Scand 1998;69:43-7.
Systems changed:
- Musculoskeletal