Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) refers to vaginal bleeding during the second half of pregnancy (>20 weeks gestation). Antepartum hemorrhage may occur in varying degrees from mild to severe, with concomitant risk to the mother and fetus and potentially result in severe maternal/fetal compromise, including death.
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Epidemiology
It complicates 3-5% of all pregnancies 3. Antepartum hemorrhage is associated with an increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage.
Pathology
Etiology
Causes include:
placenta previa (20% of all APH)
vasa previa (rarest cause of hemorrhage in pregnancy 3)
cervical or genital tract bleeding
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