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Axillary vein

Dr Maciej Debowski and Dr Angela Hoskins et al.

The axillary vein is one of the major veins of the upper limb. It is formed by the union of the paired brachial veins and the basilic vein and contributes to the drainage of the axilla, arm and superolateral chest wall.

Summary

origin: formed by the union of the paired brachial veins and the basilic vein
location: courses medial to the axillary artery in the axilla
drainage: upper limb, axilla and superolateral chest wall
tributaries: include the cephalic vein and five other tributaries which correspond to the branches of the axillary artery (see below)
termination: continuous with the subclavian vein at the lateral border of the first rib

Gross anatomy

Origin

The axillary vein is formed at the inferior border of the axilla by the union of the paired brachial veins (venae comitantes of the brachial artery) and the basilic vein ^1,2.

Course

The axillary vein arises at the inferior border of the teres major muscle at the inferior border of the axilla ³. The vein ascends through the axilla medial to the axillary artery and then courses anterior to the subclavian artery to leave the axilla at its apex. It then passes in front of the scalenus anterior ¹, where it becomes continuous with the subclavian vein at the lateral border of the first rib ².

Divisions

As with the axillary artery, the axillary vein can be divided into three parts by its relation to the pectoralis minor (above, behind or below) ¹.

Tributaries

The second and third parts of the axillary vein have tributaries that correspond with the branches of the axillary artery. These include the thoracoacromial vein, lateral thoracic vein, subscapular vein, anterior circumflex humeral vein and posterior circumflex humeral vein.

The cephalic vein is a tributary of the first part of the axillary vein (above the pectoralis minor) and enters the vein after piercing the clavipectoral fascia ¹.

Termination

The axillary vein terminates by becoming continuous with the subclavian vein at the lateral border of the first rib ².

Drainage

The axillary vein drains deoxygenated blood from the arm, axilla and superolateral chest wall ⁴. It also receives contributions from the thoracoepigastric vein of the anterolateral abdominal wall ⁵.

References

Anatomy: Upper limb

skeleton of the upper limb
- clavicle
  - conoid tubercle
  - supraclavicular foramen
- scapula
- humerus
  - supracondylar spur
  - olecranon foramen
- radius
- ulna
- carpal bones (mnemonic)
  - scaphoid
    - bipartite scaphoid
  - lunate
    - lunate morphology
  - triquetrum
  - pisiform
  - trapezium
  - trapezoid
  - capitate
  - hamate
  - variants
    - carpal coalition
      - lunotriquetral coalition
      - capito-hamate coalition
- metacarpals
- phalanges
  - terminal tuft
- accessory ossicles of the upper limb
  - accessory ossicles of the shoulder
    - os acromiale
  - accessory ossicles of the elbow
    - os supratrochleare dorsale
    - patella cubiti
  - accessory ossicles of the wrist (mnemonic)
    - os centrale carpi
    - os epilunate
    - os styloideum
    - os hamuli proprium
    - lunula
    - os triangulare
    - trapezium secondarium
    - os paratrapezium
    - os radiostyloideum (persistent radial styloid)
joints of the upper limb
- shoulder joint
  - articulations
  - associated structures
    - joint capsule
    - bursae
      - subacromial-subdeltoid (SASD) bursa
      - subscapular recess
      - subcoracoid bursa
      - coracoclavicular bursa
      - supra-acromial bursa
    - ligaments
      - coracoclavicular ligament
        
        conoid ligament
        
        trapezoid ligament
      - costoclavicular ligament
  - movements
    - scapulothoracic joint
      - scapular retraction (adduction)
      - scapular protraction (abduction)
      - scapular elevation
      - scapular depression
      - scapular lateral rotation
      - scapular medial rotation
    - glenohumeral joint
      - arm flexion
      - arm extension
      - arm abduction
      - arm adduction
      - arm internal rotation (medial rotation)
      - arm external rotation (lateral rotation)
      - circumduction
  - blood supply - scapular anastomosis
  - ossification centers
- elbow joint
  - proximal radioulnar joint
  - ligaments
    - medial (ulna) collateral ligament complex
    - lateral (radial) collateral ligament complex
  - associated structures
    - bicipitoradial bursa
    - olecranon bursa
  - movements
  - alignment
  - blood supply - elbow anastomosis
  - development
    - elbow ossification (mnemonic)
    - elbow ossification centers
- wrist joint
  - articulations
  - ligaments
    - intrinsic ligaments
    - extrinsic ligaments
  - associated structures
    - extensor retinaculum
    - flexor retinaculum
    - joint capsule
  - movements
  - alignment
    - carpal arcs
  - ossification
- hand joints
  - articulations
    - carpometacarpal joint
      - triscaphe joint
    - metacarpophalangeal joint
      - palmar ligament (plate)
      - collateral ligament
    - interphalangeal joint
      - palmar ligament (plate)
      - collateral ligament
  - movements
spaces of the upper limb
muscles of the upper limb
blood supply to the upper limb
- arteries
- veins
innervation of the upper limb
- intercostobrachial nerve
- brachial plexus (mnemonic)
  - branches from the roots
  - branches from the trunks
    - suprascapular nerve
  - branches from the cords
    - lateral cord
      - lateral pectoral nerve
    - posterior cord
    - medial cord
  - terminal branches
    - ulnar nerve
    - radial nerve
      - posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve)
      - superficial radial nerve
    - musculocutaneous nerve
    - axillary nerve
    - median nerve
      - anterior interosseous nerve
      - bifid median nerve
lymphatic drainage of the upper limb
- axillary lymph nodes

Article information

rID: 51650

System: Vascular

Section: Anatomy

Tag: cases

Synonyms or Alternate Spellings:

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Cases and figures

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