Basal ganglia haemorrhage
Basal ganglia haemorrhage is a common form of intracerebral haemorrhage, and usually as a result of poorly controlled long-standing hypertension. The stigmata of chronic hypertensive encephalopathy are often present (see cerebral microhaemorrhages).
Other sites of hypertensive haemorrhages are the pons and the cerebellum. Lobar haemorrhages are also encountered but are more frequently associated with amyloid angiopathy 1.
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Pathology
Long-standing poorly controlled hypertension accounts for the majority of basal ganglia haemorrhage, and leads to a variety of pathological changes in the vessels:
- microaneurysms of perforating arteries (Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms)
- small (0.3-0.9 mm) diameter aneurysms that occur on small (0.1-0.3 mm) diameter arteries
- a distribution that matches incidence of hypertensive haemorrhages 5
- 80% lenticulostriate
- 10% pons
- 10% cerebellum
- found in hypertensive patients
- may thrombose, leak (see cerebral microhaemorrhages) or rupture 2
- accelerated atherosclerosis: affects larger vessels
- hyaline arteriosclerosis
- hyperplastic arteriosclerosis: seen in very elevated and protracted cases
Radiographic features
CT
Typically a region of hyperdensity is demonstrated centred on the basal ganglia or thalamus. Not infrequently there may be an extension into the ventricles, with occasionally the parenchymal component being very small or inapparent.
MRI
The appearance of haemorrhage on MRI varies with time and to some degree the size of the haematoma (see ageing blood on MRI).
Treatment and prognosis
The mainstay of treatment is medical, with control of hypertension and attempts to present secondary cerebral injury. If an intraventricular component is present then hydrocephalus is a common sequelae and CSF drainage with an extra-ventricular drain is often needed.
Evacuation of the clot is controversial and only potentially useful in large (>60 ml) haemorrhage.
See also
Related articles
Stroke and intracranial haemorrhage
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stroke and intracranial haemorrhage
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ischaemic stroke
- general discussions
- scoring and classification systems
- signs
- by region
- hemispheric infarcts
- frontal lobe infarct
- parietal lobe infarct
- temporal lobe infarct
- occipital lobe infarct
- alexia without agraphia syndrome: PCA
- cortical blindness syndrome (Anton syndrome): top of basilar or bilateral PCA
- Balint syndrome: bilateral PCA
- internal capsule infarct
- ataxic hemiparesis syndrome: MCA perforators or basilar artery perforators
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- thalamic infarct
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- top of the basilar syndrome
- striatocapsular infarct
- cerebellar infarct
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brainstem infarct
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midbrain infarct
- Benedikt syndrome: PCA
- Claude syndrome: PCA
- Nothnagel syndrome: PCA
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pontine infarct
- Brissaud-Sicard syndrome
- facial colliculus syndrome
- Gasperini syndrome: basilar artery or AICA
- inferior medial pontine syndrome (Foville syndrome): basilar artery
- lateral pontine syndrome (Marie-Foix syndrome): basilar artery or AICA
- locked-in syndrome: basilar artery
- Millard-Gubler syndrome: basilar artery
- Raymond syndrome: basilar artery
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medullary infarct
- Babinski-Nageotte syndrome
- hemimedullary syndrome (Reinhold syndrome)
- lateral medullary stroke syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)
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midbrain infarct
- acute spinal cord ischaemia syndrome
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- by vascular territory
- treatment options
- complications
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intracranial haemorrhage
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intra-axial haemorrhage
- signs
- by region or type
- extra-axial haemorrhage
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intra-axial haemorrhage
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ischaemic stroke
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