Basal ganglia hemorrhage

Last revised by Rohit Sharma on 24 Feb 2024

Basal ganglia hemorrhages are a common form of intracerebral hemorrhage, and usually result from poorly controlled long-standing hypertension, although they also have other causes. When due to chronic hypertension, the stigmata of chronic hypertensive encephalopathy are often present (see cerebral microhemorrhages).

Basal ganglia hemorrhages are a subset of intracerebral hemorrhage yet account for 65% of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages 6.

The presentation will vary widely depending on the patient's medical history and the size of the hemorrhage. There is a strong association between basal ganglia hemorrhage and lacunar syndromes, for example, hematomas involving the posterior limb of the internal capsule will lead to contralateral motor deficits 7,8. Patients can present with an ipsilateral deviation of the eyes due to descending capsular pathways from the frontal eye field.

Long-standing poorly controlled hypertension accounts for the majority of basal ganglia hemorrhage, and leads to a variety of pathological changes in the vessels:

  • microaneurysms of perforating arteries (Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms

    • small (0.3-0.9 mm) diameter aneurysms that occur on small (0.1-0.3 mm) diameter arteries

    • a distribution that matches the incidence of hypertensive hemorrhages 5

      • 80% lenticulostriate

      • 10% pons

      • 10% cerebellum

    • found in hypertensive patients

    • may thrombose, leak (see cerebral microhemorrhages) or rupture 2

  • accelerated atherosclerosis: affects larger vessels

  • hyaline arteriosclerosis

  • hyperplastic arteriosclerosis: seen in very elevated and protracted cases

Typically a region of hyperdensity is demonstrated centered on the basal ganglia or thalamus. Not infrequently there may be an extension into the ventricles, with occasionally the parenchymal component being very small or inapparent.

If there is no intraventricular extension, the hemorrhage volume may be estimated by ABC/2 and related formulas, which may have neurosurgical and prognostic implications.

There are many predictors of hematoma expansion potentially evident on CT, which are discussed in depth in the main intracerebral hemorrhage article.

The appearance of hemorrhage on MRI varies with time and to some degree the size of the hematoma (see aging blood on MRI).

The mainstay of treatment is medical, and medical management does not differ for other causes of intracerebral hemorrhage - please see the article on intracerebral hemorrhage for further discussion 9.

If an intraventricular component to the hemorrhage is present then hydrocephalus is a common sequelae and CSF drainage with an external ventricular drain is often needed. Evacuation of the clot is controversial and without a strong evidence base.

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