Benedikt syndrome
Benedikt syndrome, or paramedian midbrain syndrome, is a midbrain stroke syndrome that involves the fascicles of the oculomotor nerve and the red nucleus.
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Clinical presentation
- ipsilateral CN III palsy 1-4
- crossed hemiataxia 1-4
- crossed choreoathetosis 1-4
Pathology
It is usually caused by an ischemic stroke, typically involving branches of the posterior cerebral artery 1-4.
Radiographic features
Using imaging alone, it is difficult to distinguish Benedikt syndrome from Weber syndrome, unless clear involvement of the red nucleus can be identified, which is seen in the former 1-4.
History and etymology
The syndrome was first described by Moritz Benedikt (1835-1920), a Hungarian-Austrian neurologist, in 1889 5.
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stroke and intracranial hemorrhage
- code stroke CT (an approach)
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ischemic stroke
- general discussions
- scoring and classification systems
- signs
- by region
- hemispheric infarcts
- frontal lobe infarct
- parietal lobe infarct
- temporal lobe infarct
- occipital lobe infarct
- alexia without agraphia syndrome: PCA
- cortical blindness syndrome (Anton syndrome): top of basilar or bilateral PCA
- Balint syndrome: bilateral PCA
- lacunar infarct
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thalamic infarct
- Déjerine-Roussy syndrome (thalamic pain syndrome): thalamoperforators of PCA
- top of the basilar syndrome
- striatocapsular infarct
- cerebellar infarct
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brainstem infarct
- midbrain infarct
- Benedikt syndrome: PCA
- Claude syndrome: PCA
- Nothnagel syndrome: PCA
- Weber syndrome: PCA
- pontine infarct
- Brissaud-Sicard syndrome
- facial colliculus syndrome
- Gasperini syndrome: basilar artery or AICA
- inferior medial pontine syndrome (Foville syndrome): basilar artery
- lateral pontine syndrome (Marie-Foix syndrome): basilar artery or AICA
- locked-in syndrome: basilar artery
- Millard-Gubler syndrome: basilar artery
- Raymond syndrome: basilar artery
- medullary infarct
- Babinski-Nageotte syndrome
- hemimedullary syndrome (Reinhold syndrome)
- lateral medullary stroke syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)
- medial medullary syndrome (Déjerine syndrome)
- midbrain infarct
- acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome
- hemispheric infarcts
- by vascular territory
- treatment options
- complications
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intracranial hemorrhage
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intra-axial hemorrhage
- signs and formulas
- ABC/2 (volume estimation)
- CTA spot sign
- swirl sign
- by region or type
- signs and formulas
- extra-axial hemorrhage
-
intra-axial hemorrhage
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