Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
Citation:
Weerakkody Y, Knipe H, Qureshi P, Blepharospasm. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 22 Mar 2025) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-79476
Disclosures:
At the time the article was last revised Henry Knipe had the following disclosures:
- Integral Diagnostics, Shareholder (ongoing)
- Micro-X Ltd, Shareholder (ongoing)
These were assessed during peer review and were determined to
not be relevant to the changes that were made.
View Henry Knipe's current disclosures
Blepharospasm is a type of focal dystonia where there is involuntary eyelid closure due to overactivity of muscles around the eyes, particularly orbicularis oculi.
The prevalence of blepharospasm is 32 per 100,000 population with males more often affected than females (M:F = 3:2) 5.
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primary/essential
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secondary
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1. Khooshnoodi MA, Factor SA, Jinnah HA. Secondary blepharospasm associated with structural lesions of the brain. (2013) Journal of the neurological sciences. 331 (1-2): 98-101. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.05.022 - Pubmed
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2. Grandas F, Elston J, Quinn N, Marsden CD. Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients. (1988) Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 51 (6): 767-72. doi:10.1136/jnnp.51.6.767 - Pubmed
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3. Joseph Jankovic, Shutish C. Patel. Blepharospasm associated with brainstem lesions. (1983) Neurology. 33 (9): 1237. doi:10.1212/WNL.33.9.1237 - Pubmed
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4. Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jul;88(7):946. PMCID: PMC1772252.
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5. Michael T Yen. Surgery of the Eyelid, Lacrimal System, and Orbit. (2011) ISBN: 9780195340211 - Google Books
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