Bone tumors

The differential diagnosis for bone tumors is dependent on the age of the patient, with a very different set of differentials for the pediatric patient.

• bone tumors
  • bone-forming tumors
    • adamantinoma of long bones
    • enostosis (bone island)
    • exostosis
      • subungual exostosis
    • osteoid osteoma
    • osteoblastoma
    • osteopoikilosis
    • osteoma
    • osteosarcoma
      • periosteal osteosarcoma
      • parosteal osteosarcoma
        • string sign
  • cartilage-forming tumors
    • chondroblastoma
    • chondromyxoid fibroma
    • chondrosarcoma
      • conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma 
      • juxtacortical chondrosarcoma
      • clear cell chondrosarcoma
      • myxoid chondrosarcoma
      • mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
      • extraskeletal chondrosarcoma
      • dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma
    • enchondroma
      • enchondroma vs low grade chondrosarcoma
      • enchondromatosis (Ollier disease)
      • Maffucci syndrome
    • juxtacortical chondroma​
    • osteochondroma
      • hereditary multiple exostoses
      • dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (Trevor disease)
  • fibrous bone lesions
    • desmoplastic fibroma
    • fibrosarcoma of bone
    • fibrous dysplasia
      • Mazabraud syndrome
      • McCune-Albright syndrome
      • rind sign
    • liposclerosing myxofibrous tumor (LSMFT)
    • malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)
    • ossifying fibroma
    • fibroxanthoma
      • fibrous cortical defect
      • non-ossifying fibroma
  • bone marrow tumors
    • Ewing sarcoma
    • Langerhans cell histiocytosis
    • multiple myeloma
    • primary bone lymphoma
    • secondary bone lymphoma
    • solitary bone plasmacytoma
    • solitary bone plasmacytoma with minimal bone marrow involvement
  • other bone tumors or tumor-like lesions
    • adamantinoma
    • aneurysmal bone cyst
    • benign fibrous histiocytoma
    • chordoma
    • giant cell tumor of bone
      • paint brush borders sign
    • Gorham massive osteolysis
    • hemangioendothelioma
      • musculoskeletal hemangioendothelioma
    • haemophilic pseudotumor
    • intradiploic epidermoid cyst
    • intraosseous lipoma
      • cockade sign
    • musculoskeletal angiosarcoma
    • musculoskeletal hemangiopericytoma
    • primary intraosseous hemangioma
    • post-traumatic cystic bone lesion
    • simple bone cyst
  • skeletal metastases
    • morphology
      • blow out bone metastases
      • cookie bite skeletal metastases
      • lytic bone metastases
      • mixed lytic and sclerotic bone metastases
      • sclerotic bone metastases
    • location
      • epiphyseal lesions (mnemonic)
      • diaphyseal lesions (mnemonic)
      • metaphyseal lesions
      • distal appendicular skeletal metastases
      • skull metastases
      • patellar tumors
      • vertebral metastases
    • impending fracture risk
      • Harrington criteria
      • Mirel classification
  • staging
    • AJCC staging of musculoskeletal tumors
    • Enneking surgical staging system