Brain stones, also known as cerebral calculi, refers to large intracranial calcifications that may be solitary or multiple.
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Clinical presentation
If symptomatic, patients most commonly present with seizures.
Pathology
Localization of brain stones can help narrow the underlying etiology but the causes are numerous 1:
- intra-axial
- calcifying tumors, e.g. oligodendrogliomas
- vascular, e.g. cavernous malformations, arteriovenous malformations, aneurysms
- infectious, e.g. congenital TORCH infections, tuberculosis, neurocysticercosis
- congenital, e.g. Sturge-Weber syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, intracranial lipomas
- metabolic, e.g. Fahr disease, hyper/hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism
- extra-axial
- meningiomas
- dural osteomas
- calcifying tumors, e.g. adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas
- intra- or extra-axial
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