Carbon monoxide poisoning

Carbon monoxide poisoning may result in an anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, with acute as well as delayed effects.

Terminology

Gas geyser syndrome is a term used to describe symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning while bathing due to carbon monoxide production from liquefied petroleum gas geysers used to heat water ¹¹.

Epidemiology

Carbon monoxide poisoning is mostly preventable with common causes including malfunctioning heating systems, improperly ventilated motor vehicles, and residential fires ⁹. It is also observed as an attempt to commit suicide. 

Clinical presentation

Patients can present with ¹⁰:

• acute symptoms of headache, dizziness, altered conscious state, seizures

  • cardiac arrest may occur, see pulseless electrical activity (PEA)

• chronic symptoms of cognitive decline, abnormal gait, fecal incontinence

Pathology

The pathophysiology can be two-fold:

• carbon monoxide strongly binds to hemoglobin and the resultant carboxyhemoglobin in the bloodstream can cause profound hypoxic/anoxic injury

• carbon monoxide is also a respiratory chain metabolism toxin that interferes with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and activates polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which undergo diapedesis and cause brain lipid peroxidation; this results in the delayed effects of carbon monoxide poisoning

Radiographic features

Changes tend to be bilateral with the globus pallidus most commonly affected ². 

CT

Classically seen as low attenuation in the globus pallidus region. Other features include diffuse hypoattenuation in cerebral white matter ⁴.

MRI

Regions of involvement are similar to CT. Signal characteristics include:

• T1: affected areas are usually low signal, hemorrhagic areas can be high signal

• T2/FLAIR: affected areas are high signal

• T1 C+ (Gd): can show patchy peripheral enhancement in affected areas in the acute phase ²

• DWI: affected areas show increased diffusion signal in the acute phase

Treatment and prognosis

Treatment consists of administering 100% oxygen which accelerates the elimination of carboxyhemoglobin ⁹.

Differential diagnosis

For involvement in and around the globus pallidus, consider:

• mitochondrial encephalopathies: tends to affect other basal ganglia regions

  • Leigh disease

  • Kearns-Sayre syndrome

• other toxic encephalopathies

  • cyanide neurotoxicity: tends to also affect the cortex

  • methanol neurotoxicity: tends to affect the putamen ⁷

  • organophosphate neurotoxicity

• other causes of anoxia

• metabolic disorders

  • Wilson disease

• prion encephalopathies

  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)