Cervical spine fracture classification systems
Last revised by Francis Deng ◉ on 17 Jan 2022
Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
Citation:
Goel A, Deng F, Murphy A, et al. Cervical spine fracture classification systems. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 23 Sep 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-35439
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rID:
35439
Article created:
6 Apr 2015, Ayush Goel ◉
Disclosures:
At the time the article was created Ayush Goel had no recorded disclosures.
View Ayush Goel's current disclosuresLast revised:
17 Jan 2022, Francis Deng ◉
Disclosures:
At the time the article was last revised Francis Deng had no recorded disclosures.
View Francis Deng's current disclosuresRevisions:
9 times, by 6 contributors - see full revision history and disclosures
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Synonyms:
- Cervical spine injury classification systems
There are several cervical spine fracture/injury classification systems. These can be divided by site and are listed below in order of recency:
- upper cervical spine (including craniocervical junction) injuries 1
- AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries
- occipital condyle fractures
- occipital cervical dislocations
- atlas (C1) injuries
- axis (C2) injuries
- odontoid process
- Roy-Camille classification
-
Anderson and D'Alonzo classification
- subclassifications of type 2 fractures by Grauer et al., Hadley et al., and Aebi and Nazarian
- vertebral body
- pars interarticularis (hangman fracture)
- odontoid process
- subaxial cervical spine injuries 2,3
References
- 1. Vaccaro A, Karamian B, Levy H et al. Update on Upper Cervical Injury Classifications. Clinical Spine Surgery: A Spine Publication. 2021. doi:10.1097/bsd.0000000000001215 - Pubmed
- 2. Aarabi B, Walters B, Dhall S et al. Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification Systems. Neurosurgery. 2013;72(suppl_3):170-86. doi:10.1227/neu.0b013e31828341c5
- 3. Sharif S, Ali M, Sih I, Parthiban J, Alves Ó. Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations. Neurospine. 2020;17(4):737-58. doi:10.14245/ns.2040368.184 - Pubmed
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fracture
- terminology
- fracture location
- diaphyseal fracture
- metaphyseal fracture
- physeal fracture
- epiphyseal fracture
- fracture types
- avulsion fracture
- articular surface injuries
- complete fracture
- incomplete fracture
- infraction
- compound fracture
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- fracture displacement
- fracture location
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- skull fractures
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facial fractures
- fractures involving a single facial buttress
- alveolar process fractures
- frontal sinus fracture
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spinal fractures
- classification (AO Spine classification systems)
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cervical spine fracture classification systems
- AO classification of upper cervical injuries
- AO classification of subaxial injuries
- Anderson and D'Alonzo classification (odontoid fracture)
- Roy-Camille classification (odontoid process fracture)
- Gehweiler classifcation (atlas fractures)
- Levine and Edwards classification (hangman fracture)
- Allen and Ferguson classification (subaxial spine injuries)
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cervical spine fracture classification systems
- spinal fractures by region
- spinal fracture types
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- rib fractures
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upper limb fractures
- classification
- Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury)
- AO classification (clavicle fracture)
- Neer classification (clavicle fracture)
- Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture)
- AO classification (proximal humeral fracture)
- AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures
- Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture)
- Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture)
- Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna)
- Mason classification (radial head fracture)
- Frykman classification (distal radial fracture)
- Mayo classification (scaphoid fracture)
- Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb)
- Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury)
- Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury)
- upper limb fractures by region
- shoulder
- clavicular fracture
-
scapular fracture
- acromion fracture
- coracoid process fracture
- glenoid fracture
- humeral head fracture
- proximal humeral fracture
- humeral neck fracture
- arm
- elbow
- forearm
- wrist
-
carpal bones
- scaphoid fracture
- lunate fracture
- capitate fracture
- triquetral fracture
- pisiform fracture
- hamate fracture
- trapezoid fracture
- trapezium fracture
- hand
- shoulder
- classification
- lower limb fractures
- classification by region
- pelvic fractures
- hip fractures
- Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture)
- Garden classification (hip fracture)
- American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture)
- Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture)
- Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture)
- Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture)
- femoral
- knee
- Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture)
- AO classification of distal femur fractures
- Meyers and McKeevers classification (anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture)
- tibia/fibula
- Watson-Jones classification (tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture)
- ankle
- foot
- Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus)
- Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture)
- Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture)
- Myerson classification (Lisfranc injury)
- Nunley-Vertullo classification (Lisfranc injury)
- pelvis and lower limb fractures by region
- pelvic fracture
- sacral fracture
- coccygeal fracture
-
hip
- acetabular fracture
- femoral head fracture
-
femoral neck fracture
- subcapital fracture
- transcervical fracture
- basicervical fracture
-
trochanteric fracture
- pertrochanteric fracture
- intertrochanteric fracture
- subtrochanteric fracture
- femur
- mid-shaft fracture
- bisphosphonate-related fracture
- distal femoral fracture
- knee
- avulsion fractures
- Segond fracture
- reverse Segond fracture
- anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture
- posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture
- arcuate complex avulsion fracture (arcuate sign)
- biceps femoris avulsion fracture
- iliotibial band avulsion fracture
- semimembranosus tendon avulsion fracture
- Stieda fracture (MCL avulsion fracture)
- patellar fracture
- tibial plateau fracture
- avulsion fractures
- leg
- tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture
- tibial shaft fracture
- fibular shaft fracture
- Maisonneuve fracture
- ankle
- foot
- tarsal bones
- metatarsal bones
- phalanges
- classification by region
- terminology
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spinal fractures
- morphology
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- three column concept of spinal fractures (Denis classification)
-
cervical spine fracture classification systems
- upper cervical spine
- AO Spine classification of upper cervical injuries
- occipital condyle and occipital cervical junction
- atlas (C1) and C1-2 joint
- axis (C2) and C2-3 joint
- Roy-Camille classification (dens)
- Anderson and D'Alonzo classification (dens)
- Levine and Edwards classification (pars interarticularis)
- subaxial cervical spine
- upper cervical spine
- thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems
- classifications of sacral fractures
- facet dislocation
- listhesis
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