Congenital cardiovascular anomalies are relatively common, with an incidence of up to 1% if small muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are included. As a group, there is a much greater frequency in syndromic infants and in those that are stillborn.
Depending on the lesion and its severity, patients may be asymptomatic or conversely, may present with rapidly deteriorating congestive cardiac failure.
Pathology
These anomalies as a group have a heterogeneous etiology with many resulting from an interplay between both genetic and environmental factors. An understanding of complex cardiac development is important in understanding the numerous possible abnormalities that can arise.
Subtypes
A list of anomalies and their approximate occurrences (as a percentage of all congenital cardiac anomalies) are given below:
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Related articles: Pathology: Vascular: Congenital heart disease
There is more than one way to present the variety of congenital heart diseases. Whichever way they are categorized, it is helpful to have a working understanding of normal and fetal circulation, as well as an understanding of the segmental approach to imaging in congenital heart disease.
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