Cor pulmonale

Changed by Liz Silverstone, 27 Mar 2023
Disclosures - updated 6 Dec 2022: Nothing to disclose

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Cor pulmonale refers to altered structure and function of the right ventricle due to chronic lung disease-related pulmonary hypertension (group 3). The mechanism involves hypoxic vasoconstriction which leads to permanent changes in the pulmonary vascular bed. Cor pulmonale generally progresses slowly, although acute onset or exacerbation can occur and may be fatal.

Some authors include pulmonary embolism and pulmonary arterial hypertension in the aetiology.

Clinical presentation

The condition is under-diagnosed and should be considered whenbecause symptoms occur late:

  • dyspnoea and hypoxaemia are disproportionate to the severity of lung disease

  • arterial oxygen decreases rapidly on exercise

  • exercise induces chest pain or syncope

  • jugular venous pressure is elevated and peripheral oedema develops

  • there are signs of pulmonary hypertension on auscultation and ECG

  • there is disproportion reduction in DLCO relative to severity of lung disease

  • main pulmonary enlarges on CT and peripheral arteries become attenuated

ECG
  • dominant R wave in lead V1 10

    • defined as an R wave height > 7 mm or R/S > 1

    • accompanied by dominant S waves in lead V6

  • right axis deviation

  • secondary repolarisation abnormalities

    • simultaneous involvement of the right precordium (V1-4) and inferior limb leads (II, III, aVF)

    • depressed ST segments with T wave inversion

  • right atrial enlargement

Pathology

  • The pulmonary vascular resistance, under normal circumstances, is one tenth that of the systemic arteries. Lung parenchymal changes (e.g COPD, fibrosis) resulting in chronic hypoxaemia stimulates smooth muscle proliferation within the pulmonary arteries, which in turn increases the pulmonary vascular resistance. This increases the strain on the right ventricle which has to pump against a greater pressure, resulting in its dilatation/hypertrophy.11

Aetiology

Radiographic features

Plain radiograph
  • central pulmonary artery enlargement 7

  • changes consistent with the underlying pulmonary disease as outlined above

CT
  • lung disease such as pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema together

  • dilated main pulmonary artery

  • hypertrophied RV

  • dilated RV and RA

  • contrast medium reflux into dilated IVC and hepatic veins

  • horizontal blood/contrast medium level in the IVC indicates slow flow

Echocardiography

May show dilatation of the right ventricular cavity or thickening of the right ventricular free wall 6.

Treatment and prognosis

Cor pulmonale generally carries a poor prognosis. Long-term oxygen therapy is often considered the main treatment option.

History and etymology

From the Latin, cor: 'heart', and pulmonale, 'relating to the lungs', ultimately from the Latin pulmo meaning 'lung'. Therefore 'heart secondary to / relating to the lungs'.

See also

  • -<p><strong>Cor pulmonale</strong> refers to altered structure and function of the right ventricle due to chronic lung disease-related pulmonary hypertension (group 3). The mechanism involves hypoxic vasoconstriction which leads to permanent changes in the pulmonary vascular bed. Cor pulmonale generally progresses slowly, although acute onset or exacerbation can occur and may be fatal.</p><p>Some authors include pulmonary embolism and pulmonary arterial hypertension in the aetiology. </p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>The condition is under-diagnosed and should be considered when:</p><ul>
  • +<p><strong>Cor pulmonale</strong> refers to altered structure and function of the right ventricle due to chronic lung disease-related pulmonary hypertension (group 3). The mechanism involves hypoxic vasoconstriction which leads to permanent changes in the pulmonary vascular bed. Cor pulmonale generally progresses slowly, although acute onset or exacerbation can occur and may be fatal.</p><p>Some authors include pulmonary embolism and pulmonary arterial hypertension in the aetiology.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>The condition is under-diagnosed because symptoms occur late:</p><ul>

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