Recurrent bone tumors are a common complication post curettage or resection.
Radiographic features
Radiographs taken pre- and postoperatively are sufficient for evaluation of recurrence based on the following features:
- osteolytic changes
- cortical changes
- matrix mineralization (characteristic of a particular tumor)
- curetted cavities
- soft tissue mass
Osteolytic changes
Recurrent bone tumors will also appear as lytic areas and hence comparison with previous x-rays is essential to determine if complete excision was carried out or not.
Cortical changes
Cortical reactions, such as thickening or expansile changes, are seen in recurrent tumors.
Matrix mineralization
A pattern-based approach to detect the type of tumor:
- fluffy or cloud-like pattern in osteosarcoma
- ring and arc pattern in chondrosarcoma or
- no matrix mineralization as in giant cell tumor (GCT)
Curetted cavities
Postcurettage cavities are filled with bone cement (polymethyl methacrylate) or bone graft. Bone cement will appear denser and sharply delineates the borders of the cavity since resorption of cement does not occur.
Bone graft may get incorporated into the cavity blurring the outline of cavity or may undergo resorption and the entire area of cavity appears radiolucent
Soft tissue mass
An associated soft tissue mass gives a strong indication of recurrence warranting a further evaluation with MRI. On MRI the extent of soft tissue can be assessed. Also, bone cement gives low signal intensity on all sequences due to its lack of protons.
A combination of radiographic signs, such as osteolysis and cortical expansion, can be invaluable for distinguishing between graft resorption and tumor recurrence.