Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
Citation:
Weerakkody Y, Ranchod A, Bell D, et al. Hammer toe deformity. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 25 Apr 2024) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-54171
Hammer toe deformity is proximal interphalangeal joint hyperflexion, usually associated with distal interphalangeal joint hyperextension and either a neutral or less commonly hyperextended metatarsophalangeal joint. This deformity may affect one or more of the lesser toes and may be flexible or fixed 1-5.
Epidemiology
Associations
See also
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1. Felix S. Chew. Skeletal Radiology. (2010) ISBN: 9781608317066 - Google Books
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2. Malhotra K, Davda K, Singh D. The Pathology and Management of Lesser Toe Deformities. EFORT Open Rev. 2016;1(11):409-19. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.1.160017 - Pubmed
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3. Schrier J, Verheyen C, Louwerens J. Definitions of Hammer Toe and Claw Toe. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2009;99(3):194-7. doi:10.7547/0980194 - Pubmed
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4. DiPreta J. Metatarsalgia, Lesser Toe Deformities, and Associated Disorders of the Forefoot. Medical Clinics of North America. 2014;98(2):233-51. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2013.10.003 - Pubmed
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5. Shirzad K, Kiesau C, DeOrio J, Parekh S. Lesser Toe Deformities. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon. 2011;19(8):505-14. doi:10.5435/00124635-201108000-00006 - Pubmed
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