Iofendylate
Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
At the time the article was created The Radswiki had no recorded disclosures.
View The Radswiki's current disclosuresAt the time the article was last revised Andrew Murphy had no financial relationships to ineligible companies to disclose.
View Andrew Murphy's current disclosures- Iodophenylundecylic acid
- Pantopaque
- Myodil
- Iophendylate (Pantopaque/Myodil)
- Ethyl 10-(4-iodophenyl)undecanoate
Iofendylate (generic names: ethyl 10-(4-iodophenyl)undecanoate or iodophenylundecylic acid) and sold under the tradename Myodil (except the USA where it was marketed as Pantopaque) was an oil-based contrast medium used for myelography.
The iodine moiety of the compound causes high attenuation on radiography and CT 6. Its major drawback was its extremely slow resorption, with contrast medium persisting in situ for decades 6. Complete removal through aspiration was usually impossible after a procedure, and the remaining droplets could lead to chronic irritation and severe arachnoiditis.
In most patients, myelography was replaced by MRI of the spine, which did not require intrathecal contrast medium. In the rare cases in which MRI is contraindicated, and myelography (conventional/CT) is still required, iofendylate has been replaced by water-soluble iodinated contrast media 8.
History and etymology
Iofendylate was introduced as a contrast medium in 1944, and when it was found to be less irritative to the meninges than Lipiodol it rapidly became the preferred contrast agent for myelograms (although some physicians, especially in the United States, continued to favor air). However iofendylate was officially discontinued in 1988 due to its risk of causing severe arachnoiditis 6,8.
References
- 1. Pawl R. History of Myelography with Pantopaque Contributing to Arachnoiditis. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;5(8):315. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.139617
- 2. Mamourian A & Briggs R. Appearance of Pantopaque on MR Images. Radiology. 1986;158(2):457-60. doi:10.1148/radiology.158.2.3753624
- 3. Suojanen J, Wang A, Winston K. Pantopaque Mimicking Spinal Lipoma: MR Pitfall. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988;12(2):346-8. doi:10.1097/00004728-198803000-00033
- 4. Skalpe I. Adhesive Arachnoiditis Following Lumbar Myelography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1978;3(1):61-4. doi:10.1097/00007632-197803000-00012
- 5. Azar-Kia B, Batnitzky S, Liebeskind A, Schlechter M. Subdural Pantopaque: A Radiologist's Dilemma. Radiology. 1974;112(3):623-7. doi:10.1148/112.3.623
- 6. American Journal of Neuroradiology Case Collections. Retained Intrathecal Pantopaque. AJNR link
- 7. PubChem [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2004-. PubChem Substance Record for SID 319065676, 3-09-00-02627 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), Source: ToxPlanet; [cited 2021 Mar. 12]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/319065676
- 8. Lutters B, Groen R, Koehler P. Myelography and the 20th Century Localization of Spinal Cord Lesions. Eur Neurol. 2020;83(4):447-52. doi:10.1159/000509863
Incoming Links
Related articles: Computed tomography
- computed tomography in practice
-
computed tomography overview
- iodinated contrast media
- CT IV contrast media administration
-
CT artifacts
- patient-based artifacts
- physics-based artifacts
- hardware-based artifacts
- ring artifact
- tube arcing
- out of field artifact
- air bubble artifact
- helical and multichannel artifacts
- CT technology
-
generations of CT scanners
- helical CT scanning
- step and shoot scanning
- ultra-high-resolution CT (UHRCT)
- CT x-ray tube
- CT fluoroscopy
- cone-beam CT
-
generations of CT scanners
- dual-energy CT
- CT image reconstruction
- CT image quality
- CT dose
-
CT protocols
- composite
- head & neck
- chest
- abdomen and pelvis
- CT abdomen-pelvis (protocol)
- CT abdominal aorta
- CT adrenals (protocol)
- CT cholangiography (protocol)
- CT colonography (protocol)
- CT enteroclysis (protocol)
- CT enterography (protocol)
- CT gastrography (protocol)
- CT kidneys, ureters and bladder (protocol)
- CT urography (protocol)
- CT Renal mass (protocol)
- CT angiography of the splanchnic vessels (protocol)
- CT renal split bolus
- CT pancreas (protocol)
- liver
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.