Lateral epicondylitis

Last revised by Lam Van Le on 29 Nov 2024

Lateral epicondylitis, also known as tennis elbow, is an overuse syndrome of the common extensor tendon and predominantly affects the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon.

Lateral epicondylitis occurs with a frequency of 7 to 10 times that of medial epicondylitis. As with medial epicondylitis, it typically occurs in the 4th to 5th decades of life. There is no recognized gender predilection.

Patients often present with lateral elbow pain, tenderness and swelling, which is frequently exacerbated when they grasp objects during wrist extension with resistance. A history of tennis playing or similar racket sports is sometimes elicited, but the condition often results from other repetitive athletic or occupational activities, or without an identifiable cause.

It is thought that repetitive stress and overuse will lead to tendinosis involving the origin of the extensor tendons at the lateral elbow, with micro-tearing and progressive degeneration due to an immature reparative response that may progress to a full-thickness tendon tear. Alternatively, it may also result from direct trauma.

Histology demonstrates tendinosis, enthesopathy, disorganization of collagen architecture, mucoid change, fibrosis and variable vascular proliferation.

MRI is the most widely used modality, although ultrasound may also be performed.

Up to 25% of patients with lateral epicondylitis may have calcification within the soft tissue around the lateral epicondyle, representing calcific tendinopathy or enthesopathy.

Thickening of the common extensor tendon, associated with diffuse heterogeneity and areas of focal hypoechogenicity. There is often associated intra-tendon calcification and bony irregularity at the tendon insertion. The most common finding in a patient with lateral epicondylitis is focal areas of hypoechogenicity with a background of intrinsic tendinopathy. Color Doppler may show tendon hyperemia. Dynamic assessment can also be performed to delineate instability.

The hallmarks of tendinosis and tearing of the common extensor tendon on MRI are abnormal morphology and signal intensity, as follows 7:

  • the best clue for the diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis is abnormal thickening and increased signal intensity within the common extensor origin from the lateral epicondyle 

  • abnormal thickening and abnormal separation of the radial collateral ligaments and the ECRB tendon with granulation tissue

  • the imaging findings of tendinosis must be correlated with clinical data of lateral epicondylitis because if the patient is asymptomatic in the presence of these findings, the case may be attributed to subclinical diagnosis or early tendon degeneration

  • partial or even full-thickness tear of the ECRB tendon complicating tendinosis may be encountered in patients with lateral epicondylitis; it is manifested as a fluid-filled gap with or without loss of fiber continuity; tears can sometimes be graded as low, intermediate and high grade depending upon the thickness of tear, i.e. <20%, 20-80% and >80% respectively

  • peritendon edema and associated focal bone marrow edema at the site of tendon attachment to the humerus may simulate avulsion injury

  • in chronic cases, increased signal intensity of the nearby anconeus muscle may be seen

  • associated radial nerve entrapment may occur in 5% of cases

  • the radial collateral ligament may also be disrupted

Initially, conservative treatment and rehabilitation should be attempted which include cessation of the offending activity, applications of ice, administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroid injection, and use of a splint or brace.

Autologous blood injection has been shown to be more effective at long-term relief than corticosteroid injection, with 90% of patients in one study being pain-free at 6 months 5. Whole blood injection has been shown to be just as effective as platelet-rich plasma injection and is also much less expensive 6

Surgical intervention is reserved for recalcitrant cases if 6-9 months of conservative treatment fails. However, in professional athletes, surgery may be considered after only 3-6 months.

It was initially described by Henry Morris as “lawn tennis arm” in 1882 9 and is now most commonly termed as tennis elbow.

For a clinical differential diagnosis of lateral elbow pain, consider:

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