Leukemia CNS manifestations can be divided into those related to the disease itself and those associated with its treatment. Leukaemias are hematologic malignancies in which there is a proliferation of hematopoietic cells at an undifferentiated or partially differentiated stage of maturation.
CNS manifestations directly attributed to leukemia
granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma)
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hematological and cerebrovascular complications
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most common in acute leukemia 2
disseminated intravascular coagulation: multiple microhemorrhages in the subcortical white matter 1
also due alterations in coagulation factors, thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis 2
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CNS infections due to immunosuppression (e.g. CNS aspergillosis and neurocandidiasis)
bone marrow infiltration: fat is replaced by leukemic elements 3
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ocular manifestations
retinal hemorrhage
leukemic infiltration of the optic nerve 4
Leukemia treatment-related CNS complications
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chemotherapy
drug-induced PRES 1
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methotrexate neurotoxicity
aseptic meningitis
transverse myelopathy
stroke-like syndrome
demyelination and leukoencephalopathy
CNS infections due to immunosuppression (e.g. CNS aspergillosis and neurocandidiasis)
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radiation-induced neoplasms (e.g. meningioma, glioma and sarcoma)
See also
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systemic involvement of leukemia
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